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Sunday, October 22, 2023

๐‘ขท๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ขต๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‰

๐‘ขณ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŸ ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“-๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ. ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ขฏ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ. ๐‘ขณ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃก๐‘ฃฉ๐‘ฃค๐‘ฃ  ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃก๐‘ฃฉ๐‘ฃจ๐‘ฃฅ-๐‘ฃจ๐‘ฃฆ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ. ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ขด๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‚, ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ“, ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ.


Standardization ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ. ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ, ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃŠ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃž ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ.


๐‘ขซ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ขฏ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ† ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ. ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ขฉ๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ขท๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŠ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ‡๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ  ๐‘ขฎ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ขด๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃŽ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ.

๐‘ขณ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃ‡๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ„๐‘ฃ† ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ? ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃˆ? ๐‘ขฎ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ‡๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃˆ? ๐‘ขณ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ‡๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ.


๐‘ขจ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ, ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ.

๐‘ขต ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ขบ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ขท๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ ๐‘ขฎ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ขธ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ขด๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ, ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ขฏ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ขด๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ.

๐‘ขฆ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ, ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ?

"๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃก๐‘ฃฉ๐‘ฃฅ๐‘ฃฅ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ".

๐‘ขฎ๐‘ขข๐‘ขท๐‘ขฉ๐‘ขณ ๐‘ขผ๐‘ขจ ๐‘ขบ๐‘ขก๐‘ขฌ๐‘ขฉ ๐‘ขท๐‘ขฉ๐‘ขด๐‘ขผ๐‘ขก ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŽ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‰.๐‘ฃข๐‘ฃฅ, 3rd paragraph. ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ. ๐‘ขด๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ ๐‘ขด๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ขฌ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ. 

๐‘ขฆ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ.


๐‘ขฌ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚ : ๐‘ขจ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ?
๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš : ๐‘ขณ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ• ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ‡๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ• ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃ‡๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ† ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃˆ-๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ— ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ† ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŠ.

๐‘ขจ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ˜ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ.

๐‘ขจ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃˆ. ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ€๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ. ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃˆ. ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ขฎ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ขท๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ• ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃ‡๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ„๐‘ฃ† ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ขฏ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ. ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃ‡๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ. 

๐‘ขฏ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ขถ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŠ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ขฏ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ. 
๐‘ขบ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ’ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ† ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰_

๐‘ขจ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ขด๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ขด๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ.

NOTE: NEN ONOL  AURI GE PURAN.

Tuesday, August 29, 2023

Global Voice

 * ๐‘ขท๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ• ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ’ ๐‘ขท๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ† ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŠ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŒ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ† ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ† ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ.

 ๐‘ขจ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ’ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ† ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ€๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ‡๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ.

 

(i) 2021-22 ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ, ๐‘ขท๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ• ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ› ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ’ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ† ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ’ ๐‘ขถ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃŽ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ขฉ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ขท๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‰, ๐‘ขฉ๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‰, ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ’ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ† ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃข ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃœ-๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŠ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ.

 

ii) ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ› ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ  ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ• ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ• ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ขท๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃž, ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ›, ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ขท๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ. ๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃ(๐‘ฃง.๐‘ฃฅ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“) ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ• ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ขท๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃž ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ, ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃก๐‘ฃฆ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ. ๐‘ขท๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ˜ ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ• ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃง๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃฅ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ€๐‘ฃž ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ, ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ‡๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ.

 

* ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– :-

๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ, ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ-๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ. ๐‘ฃก๐‘ฃจth (๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ) ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃก๐‘ฃฉth (๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ) ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ขฆ๐‘ฃ‡๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃˆ (europia) ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ• ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃž ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ, ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ’ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰, ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃƒ, ๐‘ขท๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃŒ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ(folklore) ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ‡๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ— ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ. ๐‘ขถ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ขท๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚, ๐‘ขฉ๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ขด๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ† ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ, ๐‘ฃข๐‘ฃ th ๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŒ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ˜ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰.


(ii) ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ขด๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ€ ๐‘ขต๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃก๐‘ฃฃ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ† ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‘  ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ขฏ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ขฌ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ขบ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ขท๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš(๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŒ) ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ† ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ. ๐‘ขจ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃˆ, ๐‘ขผ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ• ๐‘ขถ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃก๐‘ฃฉ๐‘ฃข๐‘ฃฅ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ† ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ‹ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ— ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ.

 

* ๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ขจ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŠ:-

(i)  ๐‘ฃข๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃค ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‚ (Officially) ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ (mass media) ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ. ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ• ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ— ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ, ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‚ (officially) ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ.

 

(ii) ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ— ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ, ๐‘ฃ‡๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ† ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃก-๐‘ฃฅ% ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃข๐‘ฃ -๐‘ฃฃ๐‘ฃ  % ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ.

๐‘ขฆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ขผ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰-๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ, ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ขฑ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš(physical) ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ขท๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚, ๐‘ขด๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ขฉ๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŒ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ. ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ. ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‘(region) ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ-๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ’ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ. ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ’ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ† ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ† ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ’ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃž ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ. ๐‘ฃข๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃก๐‘ฃจ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ, ๐‘ขจ๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ขง๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ, ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ— "๐‘ขก๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ขง๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ" ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ.


* ๐‘ขณ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ขฎ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚ :-

(i) ๐‘ขฟ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ— ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ’ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŠ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ 'OpenSpeak' ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ’ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ, ๐‘ขก๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃข๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃข๐‘ฃก-๐‘ฃข๐‘ฃข ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ. ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‰, ๐‘ขฆ๐‘ฃŠ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃž ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃˆ (survey) ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃˆ (๐‘ฃฃ๐‘ฃฉ) ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ’ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ† ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃก๐‘ฃค ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ› ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ–(call) ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ.


(ii) ๐‘ขธ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ† ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ขฆ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ—, ๐‘ขธ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃŒ, ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ขฆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ— ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ. ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‹ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃž ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ขฆ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ— ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃŒ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‰, ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‡๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŒ ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ˜ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃŒ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŒ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŽ/๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ˜ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ’ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰. ๐‘ขฉ๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ’ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ขฏ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚(๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‰) ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ขฉ๐‘ฃš ๐‘ขฏ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‚ (๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃ‚) ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‰. ๐‘ขณ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ.

 

(iii) ๐‘ขท๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ† ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ’ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ (39.5%) ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ€๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ (entartainment) ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ. ๐‘ขฏ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃŒ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ. ๐‘ฃก๐‘ฃจ ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ’ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ† ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃก๐‘ฃ  ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ’ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ’, ๐‘ฃง ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ’ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ’, ๐‘ฃง ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ’ ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŽ(๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŒ), ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃฅ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ’ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ’. ๐‘ฃข๐‘ฃก  ๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ’ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ† ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃก๐‘ฃข ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ’ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš, ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ’, ๐‘ฃง ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ’ ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŽ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ’, ๐‘ฃฅ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ’ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃค ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ’ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ’ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰.

 


 

 

 

Friday, June 2, 2023

Ho Expressive words

 ๐‘ขธ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ - ๐‘ขธ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃœ

๐‘ขก๐‘ฃŠ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ - ๐‘ขง๐‘ฃŠ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ

๐‘ขต๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ - ๐‘ขต๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ

๐‘ขต๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš - ๐‘ขต๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃš

๐‘ขต๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ - ๐‘ขต๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃƒ (๐‘ขน๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰)

๐‘ขต๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ„ ห ๐‘ขต๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃ„

๐‘ขต๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃˆ - ๐‘ขต๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ‰

๐‘ขซ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃˆ - ๐‘ขซ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃˆ

๐‘ขซ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ - ๐‘ขซ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ 

๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ - ๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ (๐‘ขถ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ–, ๐‘ขถ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ)

๐‘ขซ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ - ๐‘ขซ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃƒ

๐‘ขซ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃ - ๐‘ขซ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃƒ

๐‘ขซ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃˆ - ๐‘ขซ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‰

๐‘ขฒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃž - ๐‘ขฒ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃž

๐‘ขฒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš - ๐‘ขฒ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃš

๐‘ขฒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ— - ๐‘ขฒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ—

๐‘ขฒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ - ๐‘ขฒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃŠ/๐‘ขฒ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃŠ

๐‘ขฒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ขฒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃˆ

๐‘ขต๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃˆ - ๐‘ขต๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ‰

๐‘ขฒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ— - ๐‘ขฒ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ—

๐‘ขด๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš - ๐‘ขด๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃš

๐‘ขด๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ - ๐‘ขด๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ

๐‘ขด๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‘ ห ๐‘ขด๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ‘

๐‘ขธ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ - ๐‘ขธ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„

๐‘ขธ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ - ๐‘ขธ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ„ [๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃ]

๐‘ขธ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‘ - ๐‘ขธ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŠ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‘/๐‘ขธ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃŠ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‘

๐‘ขธ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃž - ๐‘ขธ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃž

๐‘ขธ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ - ๐‘ขธ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ

๐‘ขธ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ„ ห ๐‘ขธ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃ„

๐‘ขธ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ ห๐‘ขธ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ

๐‘ขธ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃ - ๐‘ขธ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃƒ

๐‘ขธ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ - ๐‘ขธ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ

๐‘ขธ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ - ๐‘ขธ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‚

๐‘ขซ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ - ๐‘ขถ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃˆ

๐‘ขผ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ - ๐‘ขผ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ

๐‘ขผ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ - ๐‘ขธ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ

๐‘ขผ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ - ๐‘ขธ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ

๐‘ขผ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ - ๐‘ขถ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ

๐‘ขผ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ— - ๐‘ขผ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ—

๐‘ขผ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃ - ๐‘ขผ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃƒ

๐‘ขผ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ - ๐‘ขผ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃŠ|๐‘ขผ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŠ

๐‘ขผ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‘ - ๐‘ขผ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‘


๐‘ขท๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŠ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃˆ - ๐‘ขท๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃŠ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‰

๐‘ขท๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ - ๐‘ขท๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ„

๐‘ขท๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‘ - ๐‘ขท๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ‘

๐‘ขท๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ - ๐‘ขท๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ (๐‘ขท๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ—)


๐‘ขฎ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ - ๐‘ขฎ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ ( ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‚)

๐‘ขฎ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ - ๐‘ขฎ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‰

๐‘ขฎ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ— - ๐‘ขฎ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ—

๐‘ขฎ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃˆ - ๐‘ขฎ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃˆ

๐‘ขฎ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃˆ - ๐‘ขฎ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃˆ


๐‘ขฑ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ - ๐‘ขฑ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ

๐‘ขณ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃˆ - ๐‘ขซ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ

๐‘ขผ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŠ - ๐‘ขธ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŠ

๐‘ขฏ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ - ๐‘ขท๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ

๐‘ขฏ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‰ - ๐‘ขท๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‰

๐‘ขฏ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ - ๐‘ขฏ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ„

๐‘ขฌ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃš - ๐‘ขท๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃš

๐‘ขฌ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ - ๐‘ขท๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚

๐‘ขฌ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ - ๐‘ขถ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃˆ

๐‘ขฌ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃˆ - ๐‘ขฌ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃˆ (๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„. ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ† ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ)

๐‘ขก๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃš - ๐‘ขท๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃš

๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‘ - ๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‘

๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ - ๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ‰ (๐‘ขท๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŠ)

๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ„๐‘ฃ† - ๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„๐‘ฃˆ

๐‘ขบ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃˆ - ๐‘ขธ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃˆ

๐‘ขบ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‰ - ๐‘ขธ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‰

๐‘ขบ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ - ๐‘ขธ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ

๐‘ขบ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‰ - ๐‘ขธ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‰

๐‘ขบ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃˆ - ๐‘ขธ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃˆ 

๐‘ขบ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ‰ - ๐‘ขธ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ‰

๐‘ขบ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– - ๐‘ขบ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ– (๐‘ขฌ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰)

๐‘ขบ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ - ๐‘ขบ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ

๐‘ขบ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃœ - ๐‘ขบ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ

๐‘ขบ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ— - ๐‘ขบ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ—

๐‘ขบ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ - ๐‘ขบ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃƒ

๐‘ขบ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ„ - ๐‘ขท๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ„

๐‘ขบ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ - ๐‘ขธ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ

๐‘ขบ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ - ๐‘ขบ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ

๐‘ขบ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‘ - ๐‘ขบ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ‘

๐‘ขบ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‡ ห ๐‘ขต๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‡

๐‘ขธ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ - ๐‘ขธ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰

๐‘ขธ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ - ๐‘ขธ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ ( ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ)


๐‘ขฆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‘ - ๐‘ขท๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‘

๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃˆ - ๐‘ขท๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃˆ ( ๐‘ขง๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ)

๐‘ขผ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ† - ๐‘ขฏ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ†

๐‘ขผ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ - ๐‘ขต๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ

๐‘ขผ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃ‚ - ๐‘ขธ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃ‚ 

๐‘ขผ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃ - ๐‘ขผ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃ‰ ( ๐‘ขผ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃ‚, ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‘)

๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃˆ ห ๐‘ขถ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‰

๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ ห ๐‘ขซ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ„

๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃˆ - ๐‘ขท๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃˆ

๐‘ขถ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃˆ - ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃˆ

๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ€ - ๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ€ (๐‘ขณ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ)

๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ - ๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃ

๐‘ขด๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ€ - ๐‘ขด๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃ€

๐‘ขฏ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃˆ - ๐‘ขฏ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃˆ diyang

๐‘ขง๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚ - ๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚

๐‘ขก๐‘ฃ€๐‘ฃ‘ - ๐‘ขง๐‘ฃ€๐‘ฃ‘

๐‘ขฏ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŠ - ๐‘ขท๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŠ

๐‘ขซ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃˆ - ๐‘ขถ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃˆ

๐‘ขผ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ€ - ๐‘ขผ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ€

๐‘ขฏ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃˆ - ๐‘ขฏ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃˆ (๐‘ขด๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ)


By : Ganesh Birua

Saturday, March 25, 2023

Ho Literature

  ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ‡๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ–:

๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ. ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ› ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ขถ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ. ๐‘ขณ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ, ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ 35 ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ. ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ขฉ๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ, ๐‘ขท๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ, ๐‘ขฏ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ›, ๐‘ขฎ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘, ๐‘ขท๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŠ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš, ๐‘ขก๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‰, ๐‘ขฌ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰, ๐‘ขถ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ, ๐‘ขบ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ, ๐‘ขฌ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ขฏ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ. ๐‘ขจ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ขด๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‚,  ๐‘ขบ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ“, ๐‘ขง๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ขต๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ, ๐‘ขถ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ขฏ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ€๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ. ๐‘ขณ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ขต ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ขบ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ขท๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ“ 1940 ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ. ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃœ-๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‘ "๐‘ขจ๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ขต๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ขธ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ขก๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃ" ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ† ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ. ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ขฏ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃฃ๐‘ฃข ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃŠ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃž ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŠ-๐‘ขถ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ.


๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ขฌ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ขต๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ†  ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ. ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ† ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ขฌ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ€ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ. ๐‘ขจ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ขซ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ 3.01% ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰. ๐‘ขจ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ขฉ๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃŽ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ 12 ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„  ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ขฌ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‚ (๐‘ขฌ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ) ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ. ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‰ "๐‘ขฌ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ขด๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ–" ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ‡๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ. ๐‘ขจ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ขถ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ, ๐‘ขท๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ, ๐‘ขฎ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ, ๐‘ขฌ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃŒ, ๐‘ขฑ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŠ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ›, ๐‘ขท๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃŒ, ๐‘ขฎ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃ, ๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ›, ๐‘ขก๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ›, ๐‘ขด๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ› ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ› ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ.

๐‘ขถ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ขฉ๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃŽ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“-๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ. ๐‘ขฎ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ขถ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ขท๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ขฌ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ. ๐‘ขจ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ขฌ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‚,๐‘ขฑ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŠ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ› ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ› ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ขก๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ›, ๐‘ขฎ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ. ๐‘ขถ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ขฌ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ‚-๐‘ขฎ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ, ๐‘ขท๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃŠ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ-๐‘ขท๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃƒ, ๐‘ขถ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“-๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŠ, ๐‘ขฎ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚, ๐‘ขฌ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ขท๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ-๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ.

๐‘ขท๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŠ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ขท๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ขถ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ.


๐‘ขต ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ขฌ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ขบ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ขท๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ‡๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ– :-

๐‘ขณ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃก๐‘ฃฉ ๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃก๐‘ฃฉ๐‘ฃก๐‘ฃฉ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ† ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ขธ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ. ๐‘ขก๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‰ "๐‘ขต ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ขฌ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš" ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ‡๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ. ๐‘ขก๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚ "๐‘ขฝ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ" ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ "๐‘ขท๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃŠ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃƒ" ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ.


๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‰:-

๐‘ฃก. ๐‘ขท๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃž ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ† ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ขฌ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‚, ๐‘ขฌ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš "The Gramatical Construction of Ho Language" ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ€๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ.

๐‘ฃข. ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ขด๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ - ๐‘ขณ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ W.C. ๐‘ขก๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ• ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ. ๐‘ขณ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ขด๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ.

๐‘ฃฃ. Folklore of Kolhan - ๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃ‚.๐‘ขจ๐‘ฃ. ๐‘ขท๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃž ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ขจ๐‘ฃ“,๐‘ขฌ๐‘ฃˆ. ๐‘ขท๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃž ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ.

๐‘ฃค. Ho Grammar- ๐‘ขบ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš ๐‘ขท๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ.

๐‘ฃฅ. Grammar of the Kol - ๐‘ขณ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ขผ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‚ GEL ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ€๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ.

๐‘ฃฆ. An Introduction Of Ho Language- ๐‘ขณ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ขฎ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ขฑ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ.

(Ho-English Dictionary ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„  Ho Grammar and Vocabulary ๐‘ขฎ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ขฑ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ)

๐‘ฃง. ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ขฌ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ‚ - ๐‘ขท๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŽ ๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ.

๐‘ฃจ. Ho Tribes Of Singhbhum - ๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃ‚.๐‘ขธ๐‘ฃ‚.๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŠ

๐‘ฃฉ. ๐‘ขฆ๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ ๐‘ขท๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ ๐‘ขณ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ ๐‘ขท๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ - ๐‘ขฌ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ขบ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ขฌ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„




Monday, March 6, 2023

Ho adivasi Name

๐‘ขฌ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰:


 ๐‘ขฌ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ

๐‘ขบ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃƒ

๐‘ขธ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃˆ

๐‘ขท๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ–

๐‘ขซ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ–

๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‚

๐‘ขฏ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‰

๐‘ขถ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‰

๐‘ขฑ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃˆ

๐‘ขฑ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃƒ 

๐‘ขฏ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ–

๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ

๐‘ขฑ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃƒ

๐‘ขฑ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ

๐‘ขธ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃƒ

๐‘ขฑ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃƒ

๐‘ขฑ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ

๐‘ขฑ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ

๐‘ขฑ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ

๐‘ขฎ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ

๐‘ขท๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ„

๐‘ขฑ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ‰

๐‘ขด๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ‚

๐‘ขด๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃƒ

๐‘ขด๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ

๐‘ขผ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃƒ

๐‘ขท๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃˆ

๐‘ขซ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃƒ

๐‘ขฎ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃƒ

๐‘ขบ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‰

๐‘ขซ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ

๐‘ขท๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŠ

๐‘ขบ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃƒ

๐‘ขฎ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ

๐‘ขท๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ

๐‘ขฎ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃƒ

๐‘ขต๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃˆ

๐‘ขถ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‰

๐‘ขฑ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ

๐‘ขท๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ“

๐‘ขฑ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃš

๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“

๐‘ขถ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš

๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ“ 

๐‘ขผ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‡๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃƒ

๐‘ขผ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃš

๐‘ขผ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃƒ

๐‘ขผ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃˆ

๐‘ขต๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃƒ

๐‘ขท๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃƒ

๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ

๐‘ขฉ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŠ

๐‘ขบ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‰

๐‘ขธ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃƒ

๐‘ขท๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“

๐‘ขฑ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‰

๐‘ขต๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃˆ

๐‘ขฎ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ

๐‘ขบ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ

๐‘ขต๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ

๐‘ขบ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‰

๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ

๐‘ขพ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš


Old Ho name
FemaleMale
DugiDugeTantu
DungiJaypalBoto
LukiSayobSidem
LebogaDiburuSangi
TuniMarkondoJapud
DuliBandusaNonda
GangiGunje BageSukura
JemaManduruJengodo
TikiSingrayLutu
TikiliMokoraBerga
TuiGomaRansi
TuituiMundurupandu
TurkiJaypalNaray
MadehChumburuJaray
SuruJandukaGono
Pitini/PitiliKusunuGusam
NuniLitaBagun
KodenaDubuliaBagun
ManduiDubulRupay
JanakiDubulaBudu
SapaiTuru (tudu)Tune
LuduriLaduraJata
LudugiLaduBikrem
SapaniSergeenSukura
ManiDuneJengodo
GurubariMangataLutu
BirangDole/doleyaBerga
Petee....PeteTantu
DapaniSikurBoto
LeteSukulSidem
LetoNauruSangi
RaimuniDamuJapud
RoibariKersaNonda
TurkiTurkeTogo
MechoPagalaTunui
RandayeRandoJingudu
PanoKolayTiirub
PaloSengel SinghDolo
KunduliJanum singhRepo
JingiRasikeRekonda
AchiChambaraMahati
ChanduMukuruHoro
DumsuDundekeChogo
LaluDuikeJandia
NanikaSungaDudui
ChokoeDutuGusam
SuneiMutuBagun
RinaDukeBagun
SaparumGiduRupay
TuriKunwarBudu
DasikerJurguTune
TunuiSelayJata
Dege/degeleGuinuBikrem
RelaBosenGardi
RindangDebenDapang
TunukiRantaNaray
SukurmuniNanduJaray
PetulKandaraGono
BuduniChokoeDaskan
Sidiu



Wednesday, February 22, 2023

International Mother Language Day!

 





๐‘ขจ๐‘ฃŠ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ขด๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ :-

๐‘ขจ๐‘ฃŠ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃŠ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃž ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŠ, ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ— ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ† ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ. ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŠ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ† ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ— ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ  ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŠ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ.

 

๐‘ขจ๐‘ฃŠ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ :-

๐‘ขด๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ• ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŠ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ. ๐‘ขฆ๐‘ฃ‡๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰(UNESCO) ๐‘ฃข๐‘ฃก ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃก๐‘ฃฉ๐‘ฃฉ๐‘ฃฉ, ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ขด๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŠ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ. ๐‘ขฏ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ— ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃข๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ  ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ.

๐‘ฃข๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃก๐‘ฃก ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ› ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ’ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃก๐‘ฃฉ,๐‘ฃฅ๐‘ฃฆ๐‘ฃฉ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŠ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ. ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ› ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ขฉ๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ, ๐‘ขท๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ, ๐‘ขท๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŠ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš, ๐‘ขก๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ–, ๐‘ขฏ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ› ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ขฎ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ€๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ. ๐‘ขจ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃก๐‘ฃฉ๐‘ฃฅ๐‘ฃ  ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ขต ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃš ๐‘ขบ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ขท๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ.


๐‘ขก๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ† ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŠ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ. ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃ‡๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ† ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ‡๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ. 

๐‘ขน๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ€๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ, ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ. ๐‘ขณ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ† ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŠ, ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ— ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ† ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ. ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŽ (๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ) ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ.

๐‘ขจ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŠ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ. ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ‡๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ‡๐‘ฃ›๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ† ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ‚.

๐‘ขด๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŠ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ  ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ€๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃœ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ‚  ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ…๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ– ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃˆ ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ‚ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃš ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‘๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‘ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ—๐‘ฃƒ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ.










Monday, January 2, 2023

Kaling Nagar Saheed Divas (1 January 2006)

 

This part of the blood-soaked tale of the struggle for rights has been written with the blood of these 14 tribals in Kalinga Nagar. These tribal martyrs left behind their entire family, farm-barn, war, river, mountain and many of their golden dreams.

1) Saheed Rangalal Manduiya- 40yrs
2) Saheed Jonga Jarika - 27yrs
3) Saheed Sudam Barla - 22yrs
4) Saheed Ram Gagarai - 35yrs
5) Saheed Aati Jamuda - 32yrs
6) Saheed Bona Borda - 35yrs
7) Saheed Diyugi Tiriya - 30yrs
8) Saheed Landu Jarika - 29yrs
9) Saheed Ram Chandra Jamuda - 36yrs
10) Saheed Mukta Bankira - 40yrs
11) Saheed Govinda Laguri - 12 yrs
12) Saheed Bhagban Soy - 25yrs
13) Saheed Shyam Gagarai
14) Kissan 

With his martyrdom, he has given the lesson of protecting the motherland to the tribal society of the whole world. The industrial house and the shameless government have also been taught that the tribal society can never accept their arbitrariness and shamelessness. No one can take away from them the place of their martyrdom and that land of Duburi stained with their holy blood.

In 1992, Odisha Govt. Acquisition of tribal land begins in Kalinga Nagar.

The first eviction for the Mesco Steel scheme took place in 1994.

The first anti-displacement public meeting was held on 6 January 1995 in Kalinga Nagar to protest against the NINL steel plant.

Evicted in 2004 for Rohit and Dinabandhu steel projects.

People formed an anti-displacement forum in 2004 called Bishthapan Birodhi Jan Manch (BBJM).

In October 2004, the BBJM wrote to the Chief Minister of Odisha protesting against displacement.

On 17th November 2004, Odisha Govt. Signed MoU with Tata for steel plant in Kalinga Nagar.

On 7 May 2005, people were thrashed by the police at a public hearing at the Maharashtra Seamless Steel Plant.

The public was informed that a public hearing on the Tata Steel plant would be held on 27 July 2005 at Jajpur Road, a nearby town.

On 23 July 2005, Tata came with the SP and the Collector to perform the bhui-puja, and was followed by thousands of protesters.

On October 7, 2005, Tata again came to perform Bhumi Puja accompanied by the police and administration but was chased away by the protesters.

On 25 October 2005, BBJM activist Ravindra Jarika was picked up by the police from a conference in Bhubaneswar.

On 27 October 2005, the people of Kalinga Nagar gheraoed the police station in protest against the arrest of Jarika.

On 17 November 2005, BBJM activists stopped the construction of the Maharashtra Seamless Steel Plant.

On 2 January 2006, 14 people were killed when police opened fire on people protesting against the construction of Tata.

On January 4, 2006, thousands of people from across the state and the country gathered to perform the last rites of the victims.

On 9 March 2007, the BBJM removed the road blockade on the National Highway since 2006 after the Chief Minister promised to fulfill the demand.

On 13 March 2008, BBJM activist Jogendra Jamuda narrowly escaped an attack by gunmen in front of the Kalinga Nagar station.

On 1 May 2008, armed assailants identifying themselves as Tata employees attacked BBJM activist Dabur Kalundia, who narrowly escaped, but another villager, Amin Banara, was shot dead.

From 2008-2010, many activists have been arrested and villages have been cordoned off from the rest of the world.

On 16 December 2009, the Chief Minister visited Kalinga Nagar for the first time after the 2006 shootout, to inaugurate Kalinga Nagar's second police station, sponsored by steel companies.

On 2 January 2010 thousands gathered to observe Martyrs' Day and later that month BBJM activists blocked the Common Corridor Road Project.

On 30 March 2010, 25 platoons of police and several pro-Tata men in police uniforms attacked Baligotha village, opened fire on people and destroyed villagers' property, injuring over 25 people.

A day after being displaced, Rasanand Patra of Bandragadia died mysteriously on 22 April 2010, and his body was found lying in the middle of a field.

On 29 April 2010 IDCO carried out illegal demolition in Baligotha using police force.

On 10 May 2010, police lathicharged people protesting against the demolition of houses in Chandia village.

On 12 May 2010, Laxman Jamuda was shot dead by the police in Chandia village and his body was secretly cremated by the police.

On 28 May 2010, some displaced tribals conducted a bhumi-puja for Tata in the presence of the SP and Collector and in the absence of Tata employees.

On 30 May 2010, Gobarghati sarpanch Swarnalata Banara was attacked by a mob and arrested for opposing the Tata project.

On 21 June 2010, the Odisha High Court dismissed a PIL against the Common Corridor Road Project.

1992-2023, It has been 31 years, till now the tribals who were martyred in Kalinga Nagar have not got justice.

#KalingNagar #blackdayforadivasi #adivasi #blackday #odishagovt # #Policefiring #1&2January #TataCompany #Jajpur #Odisha


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Warang Chiti