𑢷𑣉𑣓𑣉𑣔𑣉𑣚 𑣜𑣈𑣁𑣄 𑢵𑣈𑣜𑣞𑣁𑣉

𑢳𑣈𑣓 𑣙𑣁𑣜𑣕𑣁𑣙𑣁𑣞𑣁 𑣈𑣟 𑣆𑣘𑣁𑣓-𑣆𑣘𑣁𑣓 𑣏𑣂𑣕𑣂 𑣕𑣈 𑣉𑣚 𑣖𑣁𑣓𑣖𑣂 𑣌𑣉 𑣖𑣈𑣓𑣁𑣄 𑣌𑣉𑣁. 𑣈𑣓 𑣕𑣁𑣚𑣁 𑣈𑣕𑣈 𑢹𑣉𑣉 𑣙𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣖 𑣕𑣈 𑣎𑣁𑣋𑣁𑣜 𑣕𑣁𑣓 𑣌𑣉 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣙𑣉𑣉 𑣙𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣖 𑣉𑣚 𑣚𑣁𑣋𑣂𑣑 𑢹𑣗𑣁𑣜𑣁𑣊 𑢯𑣂𑣕𑣂 𑣚𑣂𑣘𑣂 𑣗𑣈𑣗𑣁𑣜 𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣌𑣉 𑣖𑣈𑣓𑣁𑣄𑣁 𑣌𑣉𑣁. 𑢳𑣈𑣓 𑢹𑣗𑣁𑣜𑣁𑣊 𑣏𑣂𑣕𑣂 𑣚𑣂𑣘𑣂 𑣔𑣉 𑢹𑣉𑣉 𑣙𑣃𑣔𑣁 𑣜𑣈𑣓 𑣓𑣃𑣕𑣃𑣖𑣁𑣓 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣋𑣈𑣁𑣓 𑣋𑣃𑣐𑣂 𑣙𑣉𑣉 𑣌𑣂𑣓 𑣡𑣩𑣤𑣠 𑣜𑣈 𑣘𑣁𑣍𑣎𑣁 𑣓𑣁𑣖 𑣚𑣈𑣑𑣁 𑣌𑣂𑣓 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣋𑣉𑣒𑣁 𑣙𑣁𑣜𑣕𑣁𑣙𑣁𑣞𑣁 𑣜𑣈𑣓 𑣙𑣉𑣉 𑣌𑣉 𑣡𑣩𑣨𑣥-𑣨𑣦 𑣈𑣕𑣈 𑣓𑣈𑣓𑣁 𑣔𑣉 𑢹𑣉𑣉 𑣙𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣖 𑣜𑣈𑣁𑣄 𑣚𑣂𑣘𑣂 𑣖𑣈𑣓𑣕𑣈 𑣖𑣁𑣓𑣁𑣕𑣂𑣊 𑣙𑣉𑣗𑣁 𑣚𑣈𑣓𑣁. 𑣓𑣈𑣓𑣁 𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣜 𑣕𑣈 𑣙𑣉𑣉 𑣙𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣖 𑣜𑣈𑣁𑣄 𑣞𑣁𑣓𑣁𑣋𑣉𑣖 𑣌𑣉 𑢴𑣈𑣗𑣓𑣁𑣋𑣁𑣜𑣂, 𑣚𑣁𑣒𑣂𑣓, 𑣉𑣑𑣂𑣁 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣕𑣈𑣚𑣃𑣋𑣃 𑣈𑣖𑣁𑣓 𑣈𑣖𑣁𑣓 𑣚𑣂𑣘𑣂 𑣕𑣈 𑣉𑣚 𑣙𑣃𑣎𑣃𑣄 𑣚𑣈𑣓𑣁.

Standardization 𑣖𑣈𑣓𑣈 𑣕𑣁𑣓 𑣜𑣈 𑣖𑣉𑣚𑣉𑣊 𑣜𑣈 𑣈𑣓𑣁𑣋𑣈 𑣞𑣉𑣖𑣎𑣁𑣉 𑣙𑣃𑣎𑣃𑣄 𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣁 𑣏𑣂 𑣏𑣂𑣚𑣂𑣌𑣈 𑣉𑣚 𑣜𑣈 𑣆𑣘𑣁𑣓 𑣆𑣘𑣁𑣓 𑣌𑣁𑣁 𑣉𑣚 𑣌𑣁𑣕𑣈 𑣞𑣉𑣗𑣈𑣓 𑣌𑣉 𑣖𑣂𑣑𑣋𑣈 𑣁𑣗𑣃 𑣉𑣚𑣈𑣁. 𑣎𑣁𑣁 𑣚𑣈𑣌𑣁 𑣉𑣑𑣂𑣁, 𑣙𑣂𑣓𑣔𑣂 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣆𑣊𑣚𑣂𑣞 𑣌𑣉𑣜𑣈 𑣗𑣃 𑣓𑣈𑣚 𑣓𑣁𑣖𑣈𑣁.

𑢫𑣉𑣒𑣁 𑣙𑣁𑣜𑣕𑣁𑣙𑣁𑣞𑣁 𑣜𑣈𑣓 𑣙𑣉𑣉 𑣌𑣉𑣁𑣄 𑢹𑣗𑣁𑣜𑣁𑣊 𑢯𑣂𑣕𑣂 𑣉𑣚 𑣓𑣈𑣚𑣕𑣈 𑣏𑣂𑣜𑣋𑣁𑣚 𑣓𑣁𑣖𑣉𑣄 𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣁 𑣏𑣂 𑣞𑣉𑣗𑣈𑣓 𑣌𑣉 𑣆𑣘𑣁𑣓 𑣔𑣁𑣘𑣁𑣆 𑣗𑣃 𑣉𑣚 𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣁. 𑣘𑣃𑣜𑣈𑣄 𑣕𑣈 𑢩𑣑𑣂𑣞𑣁 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑢷𑣈𑣊𑣋𑣉𑣚 𑣜𑣈𑣓 𑣙𑣉𑣉 𑣙𑣁𑣋𑣁 𑣌𑣉 𑣏𑣂𑣓𑣁𑣄 𑣏𑣂 𑣁𑣌𑣉𑣁𑣄 𑣇𑣛𑣃𑣄 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣓𑣈𑣚 𑣚𑣈𑣌𑣁𑣕𑣈  𑢮𑣁𑣜𑣌𑣁𑣓𑣑 𑣜𑣈𑣓 𑣙𑣁𑣋𑣁 𑣌𑣉 𑣙𑣂𑣓𑣔𑣂 𑣜𑣈𑣁𑣄 𑣚𑣂𑣘𑣂 𑢴𑣈𑣗𑣓𑣁𑣋𑣁𑣜𑣂 𑣚𑣈𑣌𑣁 𑣌𑣉 𑣉𑣚 𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣁 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣈𑣒𑣁𑣄 𑣜𑣁𑣆𑣎 𑣜𑣈𑣓 𑣙𑣁𑣋𑣁 𑣌𑣉 𑣔𑣈𑣗𑣓𑣁𑣋𑣁𑣜𑣂 𑣜𑣈𑣁𑣄 𑣏𑣂𑣜𑣋𑣁𑣚 𑣗𑣁𑣓𑣉𑣄 𑣕𑣈 𑣁𑣌𑣉 𑣚𑣈𑣌𑣁 𑣉𑣚 𑣈𑣞𑣃 𑣙𑣉𑣚𑣉𑣌𑣉𑣏𑣉 𑣌𑣉 𑣁𑣒𑣌𑣁𑣜 𑣈 𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣁.

𑢳𑣈𑣚𑣈𑣌𑣁 𑣞𑣉𑣖𑣁𑣈 𑣜𑣈 𑣁𑣗𑣃 𑣏𑣂𑣓𑣁𑣄 𑣗𑣃 𑣇𑣛𑣃𑣄𑣆 𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣁? 𑣓𑣈𑣓𑣁 𑣁𑣗𑣃 𑣞𑣉𑣎𑣈 𑣜𑣃𑣈 𑣕𑣈𑣁𑣄 𑣗𑣃 𑣞𑣁𑣓𑣁𑣊 𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣁 𑣏𑣂 𑣗𑣁𑣓𑣉𑣋𑣈? 𑢮𑣁𑣁 𑣖𑣈𑣓𑣕𑣈 𑣌𑣁𑣗𑣃 𑣞𑣉𑣎𑣈𑣈 𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣁𑣈𑣓 𑣜𑣈𑣔𑣉 𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣜 𑣘𑣁𑣁 𑣁𑣗𑣃𑣁 𑣙𑣃𑣔𑣁 𑣜𑣈 𑣉𑣌𑣉𑣓 𑣚𑣈𑣌𑣁𑣓 𑣙𑣉𑣚𑣉𑣌𑣉𑣏𑣉 𑣌𑣉 𑣇𑣘𑣈𑣓 𑣈𑣓 𑣕𑣈𑣁𑣄 𑣙𑣉𑣜𑣁 𑣌𑣉 𑣗𑣁𑣆𑣓𑣈? 𑢳𑣈𑣚𑣈𑣌𑣁 𑣋𑣈 𑣌𑣁𑣎𑣂 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣌𑣃𑣓𑣃𑣚𑣂 𑣌𑣉 𑣗𑣁𑣑𑣋𑣈 𑣈𑣞𑣃 𑣚𑣁𑣚𑣂 𑣇𑣛𑣃𑣄 𑣓𑣁𑣖𑣉𑣄𑣁𑣁 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣓𑣈𑣚 𑣓𑣁𑣖𑣉𑣄𑣁𑣁.

𑢨𑣓 𑣚𑣈𑣌𑣁 𑣉𑣚 𑣌𑣁𑣌𑣉 𑣞𑣁𑣓𑣁𑣊 𑣕𑣈 𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣁 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣏𑣂𑣖𑣂𑣓𑣁𑣊 𑣉𑣚 𑣕𑣁𑣓 𑣌𑣉𑣁𑣄 𑣉𑣚 𑣓𑣈𑣚𑣈 𑣕𑣁𑣓 𑣜𑣈 𑣈𑣞𑣃 𑣘𑣃𑣜𑣈 𑣕𑣈 𑣉𑣚 𑣜𑣈 𑣋𑣁𑣚𑣂𑣑 𑣓𑣈𑣚 𑣓𑣁𑣖𑣉𑣄 𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣁, 𑣉𑣌𑣉𑣓𑣁 𑣏𑣂 𑣎𑣁𑣜𑣌𑣁𑣓𑣑 𑣜𑣈𑣓 𑣙𑣁𑣋𑣁 𑣌𑣉 𑣚𑣉𑣄𑣕𑣈 𑣌𑣁𑣋𑣈 𑣖𑣂𑣞𑣈𑣓 𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣁.

𑢵 𑣋𑣃𑣜𑣃 𑣌𑣉𑣚 𑢺𑣁𑣌𑣉 𑢷𑣉𑣔𑣜𑣁 𑣕𑣂𑣌𑣂𑣍 𑢮𑣁𑣜𑣌𑣁𑣓𑣑 𑣜𑣈𑣁𑣄 𑢸𑣁𑣁𑣞𑣈𑣁 𑣙𑣁𑣕𑣃 𑣜𑣈𑣌𑣂𑣍 𑣎𑣉𑣓𑣉𑣖 𑣚𑣈𑣓𑣁 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣁𑣌𑣂𑣍𑣈 𑣉𑣚 𑣘𑣁𑣛𑣁𑣉 𑢹𑣂𑣓𑣔𑣂 𑣜𑣈𑣁𑣄 𑢴𑣈𑣗𑣓𑣁𑣋𑣁𑣜𑣂 𑣕𑣈𑣋𑣈 𑣙𑣉𑣗𑣁 𑣚𑣈𑣓𑣁, 𑣈𑣓𑣁 𑣖𑣈𑣓𑣕𑣈 𑣓𑣈𑣓 𑣌𑣁𑣎𑣂𑣜𑣈 𑣞𑣁𑣜𑣂 𑣖𑣈𑣓𑣁𑣄𑣁𑣁 𑣏𑣂 𑢹𑣉 𑣙𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣖 𑣜𑣈𑣁𑣄 𑣚𑣂𑣘𑣂 𑢹𑣗𑣁𑣜𑣁𑣊 𑢯𑣂𑣕𑣂 𑣔𑣉 𑢴𑣈𑣗𑣓𑣁𑣋𑣁𑣜𑣂 𑣚𑣈𑣌𑣁𑣕𑣈 𑣉𑣚𑣉𑣄 𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣁.

𑢦𑣖𑣂𑣓 𑣔𑣂𑣓 𑣔𑣉 𑣞𑣉𑣗𑣈𑣓 𑣁𑣄 𑣗𑣃𑣋𑣂 𑣋𑣈 𑣕𑣁𑣆𑣌𑣓𑣁 𑣞𑣉𑣗𑣈𑣓 𑣌𑣉𑣁𑣄 𑣘𑣁𑣛𑣁𑣉 𑣜𑣈 𑣎𑣈𑣕𑣁𑣓 𑣙𑣉𑣚𑣉𑣌𑣉𑣏𑣉 𑣌𑣁 𑣙𑣉𑣗𑣁 𑣚𑣈𑣓𑣁, 𑣖𑣈𑣓𑣔𑣉 𑣓𑣂𑣖𑣂𑣕𑣁𑣊 𑣋𑣈 𑣙𑣉𑣚𑣉𑣌𑣉𑣏𑣉 𑣙𑣉𑣗𑣁𑣓 𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣁?

"𑢹𑣉𑣉 𑣞𑣉𑣖𑣁𑣎𑣜𑣈 𑣖𑣁𑣓𑣁𑣕𑣂𑣊 𑣚𑣁𑣋𑣂𑣑 𑣔𑣂𑣓 𑣗𑣁𑣜 𑣞𑣉𑣖𑣁𑣈 𑣕𑣂𑣕𑣂 𑣖𑣂𑣞𑣁 𑣕𑣉𑣜𑣞𑣁 𑣗𑣃 𑣗𑣁𑣆𑣌𑣁 𑣖𑣈𑣓𑣕𑣈 𑣁𑣌𑣂𑣍 𑣡𑣩𑣥𑣥 𑣜𑣈𑣌𑣂𑣍 𑣎𑣁𑣋𑣁𑣜 𑣖𑣁𑣜𑣞𑣁𑣚 𑣕𑣁𑣑𑣁".

𑢮𑢢𑢷𑢩𑢳 𑢼𑢨 𑢺𑢡𑢬𑢩 𑢷𑢩𑢴𑢼𑢡 𑣘𑣃𑣕𑣂 𑣜𑣈𑣁𑣄 𑣘𑣁𑣎 𑣓𑣉.𑣢𑣥, 3rd paragraph. 𑣜𑣈. 𑢴𑣁𑣓𑣁𑣊 𑣈𑣁𑣓 𑢹𑣂𑣜𑣚𑣁 𑢴𑣂𑣓𑣉𑣗𑣉𑣓𑣔𑣃 𑢬𑣉𑣓𑣑𑣁𑣊𑣌𑣈𑣚 𑣕𑣂𑣌𑣂𑣍 𑣉𑣚 𑣕𑣁𑣑𑣁. 

𑢦𑣘𑣁𑣓 𑣆𑣘𑣁𑣓 𑣗𑣃 𑣉𑣚 𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣕𑣈 𑣉𑣌𑣉𑣓 𑣜𑣈𑣔𑣉 𑣉𑣌𑣉𑣓 𑣜𑣈 𑣁𑣗𑣃𑣁 𑣞𑣁𑣓𑣁𑣋𑣉𑣖 𑣉𑣚 𑣖𑣁𑣜𑣞𑣁𑣚 𑣜𑣈 𑣏𑣂 𑣕𑣈𑣜𑣞𑣁𑣉 𑣙𑣉𑣜𑣁 𑣜𑣈 𑣗𑣁𑣑𑣋𑣈 𑣌𑣉𑣖𑣎𑣃𑣜𑣂 𑣙𑣉𑣗𑣁𑣓 𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣁.

𑢬𑣃𑣓𑣃𑣚𑣂 : 𑢨𑣓 𑣜𑣈𑣑𑣉 𑣉𑣌𑣉𑣓 𑣚𑣈𑣌𑣁 𑣗𑣃 𑣉𑣚𑣈𑣁 𑣏𑣂 𑣉𑣚𑣈 𑣜𑣈𑣔𑣉 𑣗𑣃𑣋𑣂𑣓𑣁?

𑢹𑣁𑣓𑣁𑣚 : 𑢳𑣈𑣓𑣜𑣈 𑣙𑣉 𑣌𑣉𑣁𑣄 𑣆𑣘𑣁𑣓 𑣆𑣘𑣁𑣓 𑣖𑣉𑣕𑣁𑣖𑣉𑣕 𑣙𑣉𑣗𑣁 𑣔𑣁𑣎𑣉𑣁 𑣈𑣓 𑣚𑣈𑣌𑣁 𑣋𑣈 𑣁𑣍𑣁𑣄 𑣇𑣛𑣃𑣄 𑣏𑣂 𑣖𑣉𑣕𑣁𑣖𑣉𑣕 𑣚𑣈𑣌𑣁𑣕𑣈 𑣁𑣗𑣃 𑢹𑣉𑣉 𑣌𑣉𑣁𑣄 𑣚𑣁𑣋𑣂𑣑 𑣕𑣃𑣓𑣑𑣃 𑣜𑣈 𑣙𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣖 𑣖𑣂𑣈𑣑 𑣁𑣗𑣃 𑣇𑣓𑣃𑣜𑣃𑣖 𑣖𑣈𑣓𑣕𑣈 𑣗𑣃 𑣌𑣁𑣎𑣂 𑣔𑣁𑣆𑣈𑣄 𑣏𑣂𑣓𑣁𑣄 𑣏𑣂 𑣁𑣗𑣃 𑣈𑣒𑣁𑣄 𑣌𑣉𑣁𑣄 𑣕𑣁𑣚𑣁 𑣜𑣈 𑣕𑣁𑣆 𑣌𑣁𑣕𑣈 𑣞𑣉𑣗𑣈𑣓 𑣚𑣈𑣌𑣁𑣓 𑣞𑣈𑣗𑣈 𑣗𑣃 𑣞𑣈𑣗𑣈𑣓 𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣁 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣈𑣓𑣁 𑣋𑣈 𑣞𑣃𑣈-𑣞𑣃𑣈 𑣕𑣈𑣗𑣃 𑣁𑣘𑣓𑣁𑣜 𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣁 𑣔𑣉𑣜𑣉𑣖 𑣔𑣉𑣞𑣕𑣃𑣜 𑣙𑣉𑣗𑣁𑣓 𑣏𑣂 𑣘𑣉𑣜𑣉𑣗 𑣘𑣉𑣓𑣁𑣆 𑣏𑣂 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣖𑣁𑣁𑣓 𑣖𑣁𑣓𑣁𑣕𑣂𑣊.

𑢨𑣓𑣁 𑣖𑣈𑣓𑣕𑣈 𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣜 𑣏𑣂𑣚𑣂𑣌𑣈 𑣗𑣃 𑣉𑣚 𑣕𑣁𑣆𑣌𑣂𑣓𑣁 𑣈𑣓𑣁 𑣌𑣉 𑣌𑣁 𑣓𑣈𑣚 𑣌𑣁𑣕𑣈 𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣜 𑣘𑣁𑣁 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣏𑣂𑣚𑣂𑣌𑣈 𑣗𑣃 𑣉𑣚 𑣜𑣈 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣋𑣈 𑣘𑣃𑣜𑣈𑣄 𑣕𑣈 𑣑𑣈𑣗𑣚𑣉𑣘 𑣏𑣂 𑣕𑣈𑣜𑣞𑣁𑣉 𑣙𑣉𑣗𑣁𑣓𑣁 𑣈𑣓 𑣏𑣈𑣕𑣁𑣓 𑣜𑣈𑣗𑣃 𑣗𑣂𑣏𑣁𑣜 𑣕𑣈𑣁𑣄 𑣈𑣞𑣃 𑣘𑣃𑣜𑣈𑣄 𑣔𑣉𑣜𑣌𑣁𑣜 𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣁.

𑢨𑣓𑣁 𑣖𑣈𑣓𑣕𑣈 𑣁𑣗𑣃 𑣈𑣓 𑣚𑣈𑣌𑣁 𑣗𑣃 𑣉𑣚𑣈 𑣜𑣈 𑣗𑣃𑣋𑣂𑣓𑣈 𑣉𑣌𑣉𑣓 𑣚𑣈𑣌𑣁 𑣞𑣉𑣗𑣈𑣓 𑣌𑣉𑣗𑣃 𑣉𑣚 𑣔𑣁𑣆𑣈 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣘𑣁𑣛𑣁𑣉 𑣔𑣁𑣆𑣈. 𑣈𑣓 𑣚𑣈𑣌𑣁𑣓 𑣙𑣉𑣜𑣁 𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣜𑣈 𑣕𑣈 𑣙𑣉𑣗𑣁𑣓𑣁 𑣉𑣌𑣉𑣓𑣁 𑣔𑣉 𑣞𑣉𑣗𑣈𑣓 𑣞𑣈𑣓 𑣚𑣁𑣋𑣂𑣑 𑣌𑣉 𑣜𑣁𑣀𑣞𑣁 𑣓𑣁. 𑣈𑣓 𑣚𑣈𑣌𑣁 𑣜𑣈 𑣞𑣉𑣗𑣈𑣓 𑣌𑣉 𑣖𑣂𑣞𑣈 𑣕𑣈𑣗𑣃 𑣞𑣈𑣓 𑣔𑣁𑣆𑣈. 𑣞𑣃𑣖𑣁𑣊 𑢮𑣁𑣜𑣌𑣁𑣓𑣑 𑣏𑣂 𑢷𑣙𑣁𑣜𑣉𑣕 𑣚𑣁𑣋𑣂𑣑 𑣗𑣃 𑣇𑣛𑣃𑣄𑣆 𑣜𑣈𑣉 𑣋𑣈 𑢹𑣗𑣁𑣜𑣁𑣊 𑢯𑣂𑣕𑣂 𑣜𑣈𑣁𑣄 𑣕𑣈𑣜𑣞𑣁𑣉 𑣔𑣉 𑣌𑣁𑣁 𑣙𑣉𑣗𑣁𑣓𑣁. 𑣈𑣓𑣁 𑣚𑣁𑣋𑣂𑣑 𑣁𑣗𑣃 𑣔𑣂𑣞𑣃𑣖 𑣋𑣉𑣒𑣁 𑣜𑣈𑣁𑣄 𑣗𑣃 𑣇𑣛𑣃𑣆𑣄 𑣕𑣈 𑣙𑣉𑣗𑣁𑣓𑣁. 

𑢯𑣂𑣖𑣂𑣓𑣁𑣊 𑣞𑣂𑣜𑣖𑣁 𑣜𑣈 𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣜 𑢶𑣂𑣌𑣞𑣂𑣌𑣉 𑣜𑣈𑣓 𑣁𑣚𑣂𑣊𑣈 𑣎𑣃𑣛𑣂 𑢹𑣗𑣁𑣜𑣁𑣊 𑢯𑣂𑣕𑣂 𑣈𑣕𑣉𑣁𑣓𑣁 𑣖𑣈𑣓𑣔𑣉 𑣖𑣂𑣈𑣑 𑣖𑣂𑣈𑣑 𑣞𑣉𑣖𑣎𑣁𑣉 𑣜𑣈 𑣙𑣉𑣚𑣉𑣌𑣉𑣏𑣉 𑣋𑣈 𑣁𑣔𑣁𑣈 𑣕𑣁𑣆𑣌𑣂𑣓𑣁. 

𑢺𑣁𑣕𑣁𑣜 𑣆𑣞𑣌𑣜𑣂𑣓𑣞𑣉𑣒 𑣗𑣃 𑣓𑣈𑣚𑣈𑣁 𑣈𑣓𑣁 𑣚𑣉𑣄 𑣕𑣈 𑣁𑣌𑣂𑣓 𑣗𑣁𑣆 𑣕𑣁𑣑 𑣘𑣉𑣒𑣉 𑣌𑣉_

𑢨𑣓𑣁 𑣆𑣔𑣂 𑣌𑣁𑣕𑣈 𑣋𑣈 𑢴𑣉𑣚𑣁𑣗𑣃 𑢴𑣂𑣚𑣚𑣂 𑣜𑣈𑣁𑣄 𑣗𑣈𑣓𑣁𑣜 𑣌𑣉𑣜𑣈 𑣈𑣞𑣃 𑣘𑣃𑣜𑣈𑣄 𑣕𑣈 𑣋𑣁𑣚𑣂𑣑 𑣓𑣈𑣚 𑣓𑣁𑣖 𑣚𑣈𑣓𑣁.

NOTE: NEN ONOL  AURI GE PURAN.

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 * 𑢷𑣙𑣁𑣜𑣉𑣕 𑣏𑣂 𑢹𑣁𑣜𑣕𑣁𑣙𑣁𑣞𑣁 𑣜𑣈𑣓 𑢹𑣉𑣉 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑢾𑣁𑣓𑣕𑣁𑣚𑣂 𑣙𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣖 𑣌𑣉𑣓𑣒𑣈𑣓𑣒 𑢷𑣁𑣁𑣗𑣁𑣆 𑣌𑣉 𑣏𑣂𑣚𑣂𑣌𑣈 𑣁𑣔𑣂𑣗𑣁𑣞𑣂 𑣚𑣂𑣊𑣋𑣃𑣆𑣞𑣒𑣂𑣌 𑣗𑣁𑣆 𑣚𑣁𑣋𑣂𑣑 𑣎𑣁𑣋𑣁 𑣌𑣉 𑣗𑣁𑣆 𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣁.

 𑢨𑣞𑣖𑣁𑣜𑣒𑣘𑣙𑣉𑣓 𑣗𑣈𑣗𑣁𑣜 𑣌𑣁𑣕𑣈 𑣗𑣂𑣑𑣂𑣉 𑣌𑣉𑣓𑣒𑣈𑣓𑣒 𑣗𑣁𑣆 𑣖𑣂𑣈𑣑 𑣚𑣉𑣌𑣘𑣜𑣂𑣁 𑣜𑣁𑣀𑣞𑣁 𑣇𑣘𑣈𑣓 𑣁𑣌𑣁𑣓𑣁.

 

(i) 2021-22 𑣘𑣁𑣛𑣁𑣉 𑣜𑣈 𑣓𑣁𑣖 𑣈𑣁𑣓 𑣚𑣈𑣌𑣁𑣕𑣈, 𑢷𑣙𑣁𑣜𑣉𑣕 𑣜𑣈𑣓 𑣈𑣞𑣃 𑣙𑣉𑣛 𑣌𑣉 𑢹𑣉 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑢾𑣁𑣓𑣕𑣁𑣚𑣂 𑣙𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣖 𑣌𑣉𑣓𑣒𑣈𑣓𑣒 𑣗𑣁𑣁𑣗𑣁𑣆 𑣌𑣉𑣁𑣌𑣉𑣁𑣄 𑣌𑣉𑣓𑣒𑣈𑣓𑣒 𑢶𑣉𑣓𑣈𑣒𑣁𑣆𑣎 𑣚𑣁𑣋𑣂𑣑 𑣙𑣉𑣚𑣉𑣌𑣉𑣏𑣉 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣁𑣌𑣉𑣁𑣄 𑣚𑣂𑣘𑣂 𑣜𑣈𑣁𑣄 𑣗𑣈𑣗𑣁𑣜 𑣌𑣉𑣖𑣂 𑣕𑣁𑣆𑣓 𑣕𑣈 𑣜𑣈𑣉 𑣋𑣈 𑢩𑣓𑣚𑣁𑣆𑣓 𑣕𑣈 𑢷𑣂𑣑𑣂𑣉, 𑢩𑣑𑣂𑣉, 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣉𑣚 𑣉𑣓𑣉𑣚 𑣌𑣉𑣓𑣒𑣈𑣓𑣒 𑣗𑣁𑣆 𑣌𑣁𑣕𑣈 𑣓𑣈𑣓 𑣗𑣁𑣜𑣂𑣈𑣢 𑣙𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣖 𑣜𑣈𑣁𑣄 𑣓𑣂𑣕𑣂𑣜-𑣘𑣂𑣓𑣕𑣂𑣜 𑣚𑣁𑣋𑣂𑣑 𑣔𑣈𑣊𑣋𑣁 𑣌𑣉 𑣈𑣖𑣈 𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣁.

 

ii) 𑢹𑣉𑣉 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑢾𑣁𑣓𑣕𑣁𑣚𑣂 𑣙𑣉𑣛 𑣘𑣃𑣜𑣈𑣄 𑣕𑣈  𑣘𑣃𑣜𑣗𑣂 𑣗𑣙𑣁𑣜𑣉𑣕 𑣜𑣈 𑣁𑣌𑣉 𑣕𑣁𑣆𑣓 𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣁 𑣖𑣈𑣓𑣕𑣈 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣁𑣌𑣉 𑣗𑣙𑣁𑣜𑣉𑣕 𑣚𑣉𑣄 𑣕𑣈 𑢷𑣁𑣊𑣚𑣁𑣔𑣈𑣞, 𑣓𑣈𑣘𑣁𑣛, 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑢷𑣙𑣃𑣒𑣁𑣓 𑣜𑣈𑣁𑣄 𑣏𑣂𑣖𑣂𑣓𑣁𑣊 𑣒𑣁𑣈𑣑 𑣎𑣁𑣌𑣈𑣑 𑣌𑣉 𑣓𑣂𑣕𑣂𑣜 𑣁𑣌𑣁𑣓𑣁. 𑢾𑣁𑣓𑣕𑣁𑣛𑣁(𑣧.𑣥 𑣖𑣂𑣚𑣂𑣉𑣓) 𑣗𑣙𑣁𑣜𑣉𑣕 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑢷𑣁𑣊𑣚𑣁𑣔𑣈𑣞 𑣜𑣈𑣓 𑣈𑣞𑣃 𑣖𑣁𑣜𑣁𑣊 𑣁𑣔𑣂𑣗𑣁𑣞𑣂 𑣜𑣈𑣌𑣉 𑣚𑣈𑣌𑣁𑣁 𑣌𑣁𑣓𑣁, 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣜𑣈 𑣡𑣦 𑣚𑣁𑣌 𑢹𑣉𑣉 𑣌𑣉𑣁𑣄 𑣉𑣁𑣄 𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣁. 𑢷𑣁𑣜𑣂𑣈 𑣋𑣜𑣃𑣘 𑣎𑣁𑣌𑣈 𑣗𑣙𑣁𑣜𑣉𑣕 𑣜𑣈𑣓 𑣧𑣠𑣥 𑣁𑣓𑣃𑣞𑣃𑣏𑣂 𑣎𑣁𑣕𑣂 𑣋𑣃𑣒𑣂 𑣜𑣈𑣓 𑣖𑣂𑣈𑣑 𑣉𑣀𑣞 𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣁, 𑣖𑣈𑣓𑣔𑣉 𑣞𑣉𑣗𑣈𑣓 𑣁𑣌𑣉 𑣁𑣔𑣂𑣗𑣁𑣞𑣂 𑣓𑣃𑣕𑣃𑣖 𑣕𑣈 𑣇𑣓𑣃𑣜𑣃𑣖 𑣖𑣈𑣓𑣁𑣄𑣁𑣁.

 

* 𑢹𑣉𑣉 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑢾𑣁𑣓𑣕𑣁𑣚𑣂 𑣙𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣖 :-

𑢹𑣂𑣕𑣈𑣙𑣁𑣞𑣁 𑣚𑣈𑣌𑣁𑣕𑣈, 𑢹𑣉𑣉 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑢾𑣁𑣓𑣕𑣁𑣚𑣂 𑣙𑣃𑣔𑣈 𑣜𑣈𑣓 𑣌𑣉𑣁𑣄 𑣁𑣁-𑣎𑣁𑣋𑣁𑣜 𑣚𑣈𑣌𑣁𑣕𑣈 𑣁𑣘𑣓𑣁𑣜 𑣁𑣄 𑣙𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣖 𑣌𑣉 𑣎𑣂𑣂𑣑 𑣎𑣉𑣋𑣁𑣉 𑣕𑣁𑣑𑣁. 𑣡𑣨th (𑣋𑣈𑣚 𑣆𑣜𑣚𑣂𑣁) 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣡𑣩th (𑣋𑣈𑣚 𑣁𑣜𑣈𑣁) 𑣞𑣁𑣕𑣁𑣗𑣔𑣂 𑣜𑣈 𑢦𑣇𑣜𑣃𑣘𑣂𑣈 (europia) 𑣖𑣂𑣞𑣓𑣁𑣜𑣂 𑣌𑣉 𑣔𑣉𑣜𑣉𑣖 𑣋𑣉𑣜𑣉𑣓𑣕 𑣌𑣉 𑣘𑣁𑣘𑣚𑣂𑣞 𑣌𑣈𑣑 𑣚𑣉𑣄𑣕𑣈, 𑢹𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣖 𑣌𑣉 𑣘𑣁𑣛𑣁𑣉 𑣌𑣈𑣓𑣁 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣑𑣉𑣌𑣃𑣖𑣈𑣓𑣒 𑣚𑣈𑣑𑣁 𑣌𑣉, 𑣌𑣁𑣎𑣂𑣗𑣃𑣜𑣃, 𑢷𑣁𑣌𑣐𑣁 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣚𑣉𑣌 𑣌𑣁𑣕𑣁(folklore) 𑣚𑣈𑣌𑣁𑣓 𑣞𑣁𑣞𑣁𑣊𑣌𑣂𑣜 𑣜𑣈𑣁𑣄 𑣏𑣉𑣚𑣉𑣓 𑣌𑣉 𑣉𑣚 𑣌𑣁𑣕𑣈 𑣌𑣉 𑣇𑣓𑣃𑣔𑣃𑣗 𑣚𑣈𑣑𑣁. 𑢶𑣃𑣃𑣛𑣃 𑣚𑣈𑣌𑣁𑣕𑣈 𑢷𑣁𑣊𑣋𑣁𑣚𑣂, 𑢩𑣑𑣂𑣁 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑢴𑣈𑣗𑣓𑣁𑣋𑣁𑣜𑣂 𑣉𑣚 𑣖𑣃𑣓𑣃𑣆 𑣕𑣈 𑣞𑣈𑣞𑣈𑣓 𑣙𑣃𑣎𑣃𑣄 𑣚𑣈𑣓𑣁, 𑣢𑣠th 𑢾𑣈𑣓𑣏𑣃𑣜𑣂 𑣈𑣕𑣈 𑣙𑣃𑣔𑣈 𑣜𑣈𑣓𑣌𑣉 𑣁𑣘𑣓𑣁𑣜 𑣁𑣄 𑣉𑣚 𑣁𑣘𑣁𑣓 𑣕𑣈 𑣜𑣁𑣎𑣓𑣂𑣕𑣂𑣌 𑣜𑣃𑣃𑣘 𑣕𑣈 𑣆𑣛𑣂𑣊 𑣌𑣈𑣑𑣁 𑣌𑣉.

(ii) 𑢹𑣉𑣉 𑣙𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣖 𑣉𑣚 𑣚𑣁𑣋𑣂𑣑 𑢴𑣈𑣉𑣁𑣀 𑢵𑣃𑣜𑣂 𑣡𑣣 𑣞𑣈𑣓𑣏𑣃𑣜𑣂 𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣜 𑣜𑣈 𑣗𑣁𑣆 𑣚𑣈𑣑  𑢹𑣗𑣁𑣜𑣁𑣊 𑢯𑣂𑣕𑣂 𑣗𑣉𑣜𑣉𑣊 𑢬𑣉𑣚 𑢺𑣁𑣌𑣉 𑢷𑣉𑣔𑣜𑣁 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣖𑣂𑣞𑣈 𑣓𑣁𑣖 𑣜𑣃𑣈 𑣚𑣈𑣑𑣁 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣈𑣓𑣁𑣜𑣈 𑣗𑣉𑣓𑣉𑣔𑣉𑣚(𑣁𑣔𑣃𑣓𑣂𑣌) 𑣚𑣈𑣌𑣁𑣕𑣈 𑣗𑣁𑣆 𑣌𑣈𑣑𑣁. 𑢨𑣓 𑣚𑣈𑣌𑣁𑣋𑣈, 𑢼𑣁𑣋𑣙𑣃𑣓𑣁𑣕 𑢶𑣃𑣜𑣖𑣃 𑣡𑣩𑣢𑣥 𑣜𑣈 𑣉𑣚 𑣏𑣂𑣌𑣂 𑣗𑣉𑣜𑣉𑣊 𑣗𑣁𑣆 𑣌𑣈𑣑 𑣕𑣈 𑢾𑣁𑣓𑣕𑣁𑣚𑣂 𑣉𑣚 𑣚𑣁𑣋𑣂𑣑 𑣖𑣂𑣈𑣑 𑣓𑣁𑣖𑣁 𑣎𑣃𑣃𑣋 𑣈𑣅𑣉𑣗 𑣋𑣈𑣑𑣁.

 

* 𑢾𑣁𑣞𑣉𑣓 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑢨𑣓𑣈𑣕𑣉 𑣜𑣈 𑣙𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣖 𑣜𑣈𑣁𑣄 𑣚𑣁𑣋𑣁𑣕𑣂𑣊:-

(i)  𑣢𑣠𑣠𑣤 𑣈𑣕𑣈 𑢾𑣁𑣓𑣕𑣁𑣚𑣂 𑣙𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣖 𑣁𑣔𑣂𑣌𑣁𑣜𑣂 (Officially) 𑣚𑣈𑣌𑣁𑣕𑣈 𑣞𑣂𑣌𑣜𑣃𑣕𑣂 𑣕𑣁𑣑𑣁 𑣖𑣈𑣓𑣕𑣈 𑣓𑣈𑣓 𑣙𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣖 𑣕𑣈 𑣞𑣉𑣗𑣈𑣓 𑣌𑣉 𑣘𑣁𑣛𑣁𑣉 𑣗𑣈𑣗𑣉𑣞𑣕𑣁 𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣞𑣉𑣗𑣈𑣓 𑣌𑣉 𑣕𑣁𑣄 𑣕𑣈 𑣗𑣈𑣒𑣁𑣈 𑣚𑣁𑣋𑣂𑣑 𑣙𑣉𑣜𑣁 (mass media) 𑣓𑣁𑣖 𑣕𑣁𑣑𑣁. 𑢹𑣉 𑣙𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣖 𑣗𑣙𑣁𑣜𑣉𑣕 𑣞𑣉𑣖𑣗𑣂𑣔𑣁𑣓 𑣜𑣈𑣁𑣄 𑣁𑣓𑣃𑣞𑣃𑣏𑣂 𑣜𑣈 𑣋𑣁𑣚𑣁𑣊 𑣖𑣂𑣞𑣈𑣈 𑣚𑣁𑣋𑣂𑣑 𑣘𑣜𑣉𑣞𑣕𑣁𑣗 𑣈𑣖 𑣁𑣌𑣁𑣓𑣁, 𑣉𑣌𑣉𑣓𑣁 𑣔𑣉 𑣓𑣂𑣖𑣂𑣕𑣁𑣊 𑣁𑣔𑣂𑣌𑣁𑣜𑣂 (officially) 𑣙𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣖 𑣌𑣉 𑣕𑣁𑣚𑣁 𑣜𑣈 𑣚𑣈𑣌𑣁 𑣖𑣂𑣞𑣈𑣈 𑣌𑣁𑣓𑣁.

 

(ii) 𑢹𑣉𑣉 𑣙𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣖 𑣜𑣈𑣁𑣄 𑣈𑣅𑣉𑣗 𑣙𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣖 𑣚𑣂𑣒𑣜𑣁𑣞𑣂 𑣓𑣈𑣚 𑣚𑣈𑣌𑣁𑣕𑣈 𑣈𑣞𑣃 𑣙𑣂𑣛𑣂𑣊 𑣋𑣈𑣁, 𑣇𑣛𑣃𑣆 𑣚𑣈𑣌𑣁𑣕𑣈 𑣡-𑣥% 𑣖𑣈𑣓𑣁𑣄𑣁𑣁 𑣖𑣈𑣓𑣔𑣉 𑣞𑣁𑣓𑣕𑣁𑣛𑣂 𑣚𑣁𑣋𑣂𑣑 𑣓𑣈𑣓𑣁 𑣢𑣠-𑣣𑣠 % 𑣞𑣃𑣖𑣁𑣊 𑣖𑣈𑣓𑣁𑣄𑣁𑣁 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣈𑣞𑣃 𑣞𑣁𑣊𑣋𑣈 𑣁𑣌𑣉𑣁𑣄 𑣙𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣖 𑣕𑣈 𑣎𑣁𑣋𑣁𑣜 𑣕𑣁𑣓 𑣌𑣉 𑣁𑣘𑣓𑣁𑣜 𑣁𑣄 𑣚𑣂𑣘𑣂 𑣕𑣈 𑣉𑣚 𑣚𑣁𑣋𑣂𑣑 𑣕𑣁𑣁𑣌𑣉 𑣌𑣁𑣌𑣉 𑣓𑣁𑣖 𑣕𑣁𑣑𑣁.

𑢦𑣓𑣒𑣜𑣈𑣞𑣒𑣂𑣊 𑣌𑣁𑣎𑣂 𑣓𑣈𑣓𑣁 𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣁 𑣏𑣂 𑢼𑣉𑣖𑣁𑣓 𑣚𑣂𑣘𑣂 𑣌𑣉-𑣜𑣁𑣆𑣒𑣂𑣊 𑣘𑣜𑣁𑣓𑣁𑣚𑣂 𑣚𑣈𑣌𑣁𑣕𑣈 𑣜𑣈𑣉 𑣞𑣁𑣚𑣁 𑣁𑣌𑣁𑣓𑣁, 𑣁𑣘𑣓𑣁𑣜 𑣁𑣄 𑣚𑣈𑣌𑣁𑣕𑣈 𑢱𑣂𑣎𑣂𑣒𑣁𑣚 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣏𑣂𑣖𑣂𑣓𑣁𑣊 𑣘𑣂𑣎𑣂𑣌𑣁𑣚(physical) 𑣘𑣚𑣁𑣒𑣉𑣜𑣖 𑣌𑣉𑣜𑣈 𑣏𑣂𑣖𑣂𑣕𑣁𑣊 𑣏𑣂 𑢷𑣁𑣊𑣋𑣁𑣚𑣂, 𑢴𑣈𑣗𑣓𑣁𑣋𑣁𑣜𑣂 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑢩𑣑𑣂𑣁 𑣌𑣉𑣕𑣈 𑢹𑣉𑣉 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑢾𑣁𑣓𑣕𑣁𑣛𑣂 𑣙𑣃𑣔𑣈 𑣜𑣈𑣓 𑣌𑣉 𑣘𑣃𑣜𑣈𑣄 𑣕𑣈 𑣁𑣔𑣂𑣌𑣁𑣜𑣂𑣌 𑣙𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣖 𑣚𑣁𑣋𑣂𑣑 𑣚𑣂𑣘𑣂 𑣌𑣉 𑣜𑣈𑣉 𑣗𑣈𑣗𑣁𑣜 𑣙𑣉𑣗𑣁 𑣁𑣌𑣁𑣓𑣁. 𑢹𑣉𑣉 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑢾𑣁𑣓𑣕𑣁𑣛𑣂 𑣌𑣁𑣎𑣂 𑣕𑣁𑣓 𑣌𑣉𑣁𑣄 𑣚𑣂𑣒𑣜𑣈𑣞𑣂 𑣈𑣞𑣃 𑣌𑣉𑣖 𑣋𑣈𑣁. 𑣓𑣈𑣓𑣁 𑣁𑣌𑣉𑣁𑣄 𑣒𑣁𑣈𑣑(region) 𑣜𑣈𑣁 𑣉𑣞𑣉𑣚 𑣁𑣁-𑣎𑣁𑣋𑣁𑣜 𑣕𑣁𑣓 𑣜𑣈𑣉 𑣋𑣈 𑣁𑣌𑣉𑣁𑣄 𑣙𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣖 𑣕𑣈 𑣌𑣉𑣓𑣒𑣈𑣓𑣒 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣁𑣌𑣉𑣁𑣄 𑣚𑣂𑣘𑣂 𑣆𑣔𑣂 𑣌𑣁𑣕𑣈 𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣜 𑣘𑣁𑣁 𑣞𑣈𑣞𑣈𑣓 𑣙𑣉𑣜𑣁 𑣜𑣈 𑣙𑣉𑣚𑣉𑣌𑣉𑣏𑣉 𑣙𑣉𑣗𑣁𑣓 𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣁. 𑣈𑣞𑣃 𑣘𑣃𑣜𑣈𑣄 𑣌𑣉𑣓𑣒𑣈𑣓𑣒 𑣗𑣁𑣓𑣁𑣆 𑣏𑣂 𑣗𑣁𑣁𑣗𑣁𑣆 𑣌𑣉 𑣕𑣁𑣚𑣁 𑣜𑣈 𑣖𑣁𑣚𑣒𑣂𑣖𑣂𑣑𑣂𑣁 𑣌𑣉𑣓𑣒𑣈𑣓𑣒 𑣌𑣉 𑣘𑣁𑣗𑣚𑣂𑣞 𑣈 𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣁. 𑣢𑣠𑣡𑣨 𑣜𑣈, 𑢨𑣑𑣂𑣒𑣉𑣜 𑣌𑣉𑣁𑣄 𑣖𑣂𑣈𑣑 𑣗𑣁𑣚𑣈𑣓𑣒𑣂𑣁𑣜 𑣌𑣉𑣖𑣃𑣓𑣂𑣒𑣂 𑢾𑣁𑣓𑣕𑣁𑣛𑣂 𑢧𑣆𑣌𑣂𑣘𑣂𑣑𑣂𑣁 𑣎𑣂𑣂𑣑 𑣎𑣉𑣋𑣁𑣉 𑣚𑣈𑣑𑣁, 𑣈𑣓𑣁𑣈 𑣕𑣈 𑣓𑣈𑣓𑣁 𑣁𑣔𑣂𑣗𑣁𑣞𑣂 𑣙𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣖 𑣜𑣈𑣁𑣄 𑣈𑣅𑣉𑣗 "𑢡𑣔𑣂𑣗𑣁𑣞𑣂 𑣙𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣖 𑢧𑣆𑣌𑣂𑣘𑣂𑣑𑣂𑣁" 𑣙𑣉𑣗𑣁 𑣚𑣈𑣓𑣁.

* 𑢳𑣈𑣓 𑣘𑣁𑣛𑣁𑣉 𑣜𑣈𑣁𑣄 𑢮𑣁𑣊𑣗𑣂𑣕𑣂 :-

(i) 𑢿𑣈𑣗 𑣚𑣁𑣋𑣂𑣑 𑣋𑣜𑣁𑣓𑣒 𑣘𑣁𑣈 𑣕𑣈𑣁𑣄 𑣔𑣈𑣊𑣋𑣁 𑣕𑣁𑣓 'OpenSpeak' 𑣘𑣜𑣉𑣎𑣈𑣌𑣒 𑣜𑣈𑣁𑣄 𑣖𑣂𑣈𑣑 𑣗𑣁𑣋 𑣚𑣈𑣌𑣁𑣕𑣈, 𑢡𑣚𑣈 𑣢𑣠𑣢𑣡-𑣢𑣢 𑣜𑣈 𑣖𑣂𑣈𑣑 𑣖𑣈𑣖𑣈𑣞𑣁 𑣖𑣈𑣕𑣙𑣉𑣑 𑣜𑣈 𑣁𑣚𑣈 𑣘𑣁𑣛𑣁𑣉 𑣚𑣈𑣑𑣁. 𑢹𑣉𑣉, 𑢦𑣊𑣚𑣂𑣞 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑢾𑣁𑣓𑣕𑣁𑣛𑣂 𑣕𑣈 𑣞𑣁𑣜𑣗𑣈 (survey) 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣞𑣁𑣜𑣈𑣄 𑣆𑣓𑣒𑣁𑣜𑣗𑣂𑣅𑣃 𑣜𑣈 𑢹𑣂𑣞𑣂𑣋𑣈𑣚 𑣁𑣆𑣈 (𑣣𑣩) 𑢹𑣉𑣉 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑢾𑣁𑣓𑣕𑣁𑣛𑣂 𑣌𑣉𑣓𑣒𑣈𑣓𑣒 𑣗𑣁𑣁𑣗𑣁𑣆 𑣌𑣉 𑣞𑣁𑣜𑣗𑣈 𑣜𑣈 𑣌𑣁𑣎𑣂 𑣖𑣁𑣜𑣞𑣁𑣚 𑣚𑣈𑣑𑣁 𑣌𑣉 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣁𑣌𑣉𑣈 𑣕𑣈 𑣡𑣤 𑣙𑣉𑣛 𑣌𑣉 𑣌𑣃𑣘𑣃𑣚𑣂 𑣞𑣃𑣕𑣁𑣖(call) 𑣕𑣈 𑣆𑣓𑣒𑣁𑣜𑣗𑣂𑣅𑣃 𑣙𑣉𑣗𑣁 𑣚𑣈𑣓𑣁.

(ii) 𑢸𑣃𑣜𑣈𑣄 𑣕𑣈 𑣗𑣁𑣁𑣗𑣁𑣆 𑣌𑣉 𑣌𑣁𑣎𑣂 𑣌𑣈𑣑𑣁 𑣏𑣂 𑣁𑣌𑣉𑣁𑣄 𑣎𑣃𑣓𑣃𑣓 𑣚𑣁𑣋𑣂𑣑 𑣕𑣈 𑢦𑣅𑣃𑣒𑣃𑣗, 𑢸𑣈𑣞𑣗𑣃𑣌, 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑢦𑣓𑣞𑣒𑣁𑣋𑣜𑣁𑣖 𑣏𑣈𑣓𑣁𑣚 𑣌𑣉 𑣈𑣅𑣉𑣗 𑣚𑣈𑣑𑣁 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣗𑣃𑣋𑣂 𑣚𑣈𑣌𑣁 𑣙𑣃𑣔𑣈 𑣜𑣈𑣁𑣄 𑣘𑣁𑣆𑣒𑣂 𑣌𑣉 𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣜 𑣌𑣈𑣑𑣁. 𑣁𑣌𑣉 𑣉𑣓𑣚𑣁𑣆𑣓 𑣖𑣁𑣋𑣁𑣎𑣂𑣓 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣗𑣚𑣉𑣋 𑣌𑣉 𑣘𑣁𑣗𑣚𑣂𑣞 𑣚𑣉𑣄 𑣕𑣈 𑣘𑣃𑣜𑣈𑣄 𑣕𑣈 𑢦𑣅𑣃𑣒𑣃𑣗 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣘𑣈𑣞𑣗𑣃𑣌 𑣜𑣈 𑣗𑣂𑣑𑣂𑣉, 𑣖𑣂𑣇𑣎𑣂𑣌 𑣆𑣞𑣒𑣜𑣂𑣖𑣂𑣊 𑣁𑣘𑣘 𑣜𑣈 𑣉𑣑𑣂𑣉 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣘𑣈𑣞𑣗𑣃𑣌 𑣜𑣈 𑣘𑣁𑣗𑣚𑣂𑣌 𑣘𑣈𑣎/𑣋𑣜𑣃𑣘 𑣜𑣈 𑣘𑣉𑣞𑣒 𑣌𑣈𑣓𑣁 𑣌𑣉. 𑢩𑣚 𑣉𑣓𑣉𑣚 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣖𑣁𑣚𑣒𑣂𑣖𑣂𑣑𑣂𑣁 𑣌𑣉𑣓𑣒𑣈𑣓𑣒 𑣗𑣁𑣜𑣂𑣈 𑣎𑣁𑣌𑣈𑣑 𑣙𑣉𑣗𑣁𑣓𑣁 𑣈𑣓𑣁 𑢹𑣗𑣁𑣜𑣁𑣊 𑢯𑣂𑣕𑣂(𑢹𑣉𑣉) 𑣌𑣁 𑣜𑣈𑣔𑣉 𑢩𑣚 𑢯𑣂𑣌𑣂 (𑢾𑣁𑣓𑣕𑣁𑣛𑣂) 𑣕𑣈 𑣉𑣚 𑣁𑣌𑣁𑣓𑣁 𑣜𑣈𑣉. 𑢳𑣈𑣓 𑣘𑣁𑣛𑣁𑣉 𑣜𑣈 𑣁𑣔𑣈𑣜 𑣁𑣌𑣁𑣓𑣁.

 

(iii) 𑢷𑣁𑣜𑣂𑣈 𑣙𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣖 𑣕𑣈 𑣗𑣁𑣆 𑣁𑣌𑣁𑣓 𑣌𑣉𑣓𑣒𑣈𑣓𑣒 𑣘𑣃𑣜𑣈𑣄 𑣕𑣈 (39.5%) 𑣜𑣁𑣀𑣞𑣁 𑣏𑣈𑣕𑣁𑣓 (entartainment) 𑣜𑣈 𑣖𑣈𑣓𑣁𑣄𑣁𑣁. 𑢯𑣂𑣚𑣂𑣌𑣈 𑣏𑣂 𑣑𑣈𑣞𑣌 𑣜𑣂𑣂𑣞𑣁𑣜𑣏 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣞𑣁𑣜𑣗𑣈 𑣜𑣈 𑣓𑣈𑣚 𑣓𑣁𑣖 𑣁𑣌𑣁𑣓𑣁. 𑣡𑣨 𑢹𑣉𑣉 𑣙𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣖 𑣌𑣉𑣓𑣒𑣈𑣓𑣒 𑣗𑣁𑣁𑣗𑣁𑣆 𑣌𑣉𑣈𑣕𑣈 𑣡𑣠 𑣘𑣉𑣞𑣒 𑣗𑣂𑣑𑣂𑣉 𑣌𑣉𑣓𑣒𑣈𑣓𑣒, 𑣧 𑣘𑣉𑣞𑣒 𑣉𑣚 𑣉𑣓𑣉𑣚 𑣌𑣉𑣓𑣒𑣈𑣓𑣒, 𑣧 𑣘𑣉𑣞𑣒 𑣆𑣖𑣈𑣎(𑣘𑣁𑣒𑣂𑣌), 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣥 𑣘𑣉𑣞𑣒 𑣉𑣑𑣂𑣉 𑣌𑣉𑣓𑣒𑣈𑣓𑣒. 𑣢𑣡  𑢾𑣁𑣓𑣕𑣁𑣛𑣂 𑣙𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣖 𑣌𑣉𑣓𑣒𑣈𑣓𑣒 𑣗𑣁𑣁𑣗𑣁𑣆 𑣌𑣉𑣈𑣕𑣈 𑣡𑣢 𑣘𑣉𑣞𑣒 𑣉𑣚 𑣉𑣓𑣉𑣚, 𑣌𑣉𑣓𑣒𑣈𑣓𑣒, 𑣧 𑣘𑣉𑣞𑣒 𑣆𑣖𑣈𑣎 𑣌𑣉𑣓𑣒𑣈𑣓𑣒, 𑣥 𑣘𑣉𑣞𑣒 𑣗𑣂𑣑𑣂𑣉 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣤 𑣘𑣃𑣜𑣈𑣄 𑣕𑣈 𑣉𑣑𑣂𑣉 𑣌𑣉𑣓𑣒𑣈𑣓𑣒 𑣌𑣉 𑣘𑣉𑣞𑣒 𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣌𑣉.

 

 

 

 

Ho Expressive words

 𑢸𑣁𑣜 - 𑢸𑣂𑣜

𑢡𑣊𑣋𑣁𑣜 - 𑢧𑣊𑣋𑣃𑣜

𑢵𑣁𑣜 - 𑢵𑣃𑣜

𑢵𑣁𑣋𑣁𑣚 - 𑢵𑣃𑣋𑣃𑣚

𑢵𑣁𑣘𑣁 - 𑢵𑣃𑣘𑣃 (𑢹𑣃𑣛𑣂𑣊 𑣙𑣉𑣓 𑣌𑣉)

𑢵𑣁𑣈𑣄 ː 𑢵𑣃𑣆𑣄

𑢵𑣂𑣘𑣈 - 𑢵𑣉𑣘𑣉

𑢫𑣈𑣞𑣈 - 𑢫𑣈𑣞𑣈

𑢫𑣈𑣕𑣈 - 𑢫𑣈𑣕𑣈 

𑢾𑣁𑣜 - 𑢾𑣉𑣜 (𑢶𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣂 𑣎𑣉𑣖, 𑢶𑣁𑣓𑣔𑣁)

𑢫𑣁𑣔𑣁 - 𑢫𑣁𑣔𑣃

𑢫𑣁𑣛𑣁 - 𑢫𑣃𑣛𑣃

𑢫𑣂𑣔𑣈 - 𑢫𑣉𑣔𑣉

𑢲𑣁𑣞 - 𑢲𑣃𑣞

𑢲𑣁𑣚 - 𑢲𑣃𑣚

𑢲𑣁𑣗 - 𑢲𑣉𑣗

𑢲𑣁𑣛𑣁𑣊 - 𑢲𑣉𑣛𑣉𑣊/𑢲𑣃𑣛𑣃𑣊

𑢲𑣉𑣜𑣈 𑢲𑣉𑣘𑣈

𑢵𑣂𑣘𑣈 - 𑢵𑣉𑣘𑣉

𑢲𑣁𑣗 - 𑢲𑣈𑣗

𑢴𑣁𑣚 - 𑢴𑣃𑣚

𑢴𑣁𑣜 - 𑢴𑣃𑣜

𑢴𑣁𑣑 ː 𑢴𑣃𑣑

𑢸𑣁𑣄 - 𑢸𑣉𑣄

𑢸𑣁𑣄 - 𑢸𑣈𑣄 [𑣏𑣁𑣘𑣁𑣛𑣁]

𑢸𑣁𑣊𑣋𑣁𑣑 - 𑢸𑣈𑣊𑣋𑣈𑣑/𑢸𑣉𑣊𑣋𑣉𑣑

𑢸𑣁𑣞 - 𑢸𑣃𑣞

𑢸𑣁𑣜 - 𑢸𑣉𑣜

𑢸𑣁𑣈𑣄 ː 𑢸𑣃𑣆𑣄

𑢸𑣁𑣏 ː𑢸𑣉𑣏

𑢸𑣁𑣛𑣁 - 𑢸𑣃𑣛𑣃

𑢸𑣁𑣞𑣁𑣜 - 𑢸𑣃𑣞𑣃𑣜

𑢸𑣁𑣜𑣁𑣁 - 𑢸𑣂𑣜𑣂𑣂

𑢫𑣈𑣜𑣈 - 𑢶𑣈𑣞𑣈

𑢼𑣁𑣗𑣁 - 𑢼𑣃𑣗𑣃

𑢼𑣁𑣞𑣁 - 𑢸𑣁𑣞𑣁

𑢼𑣁𑣒𑣁 - 𑢸𑣁𑣒𑣁

𑢼𑣂𑣚𑣁 - 𑢶𑣁𑣚𑣁

𑢼𑣁𑣗 - 𑢼𑣉𑣗

𑢼𑣁𑣛𑣁 - 𑢼𑣃𑣛𑣃

𑢼𑣁𑣛𑣁𑣊 - 𑢼𑣉𑣛𑣉𑣊|𑢼𑣂𑣛𑣂𑣊

𑢼𑣁𑣏𑣁𑣑 - 𑢼𑣉𑣏𑣉𑣑

𑢷𑣂𑣊𑣋𑣈 - 𑢷𑣉𑣊𑣋𑣉

𑢷𑣁𑣄 - 𑢷𑣃𑣄

𑢷𑣁𑣑 - 𑢷𑣃𑣑

𑢷𑣉𑣒𑣉𑣜 - 𑢷𑣉𑣜𑣉𑣜 (𑢷𑣃𑣛𑣂 𑣌𑣉 𑣑𑣂𑣈𑣊 𑣓𑣃 𑣌𑣈𑣈 𑣏𑣁𑣓𑣁𑣗)

𑢮𑣁𑣜 - 𑢮𑣃𑣜 ( 𑢹𑣃𑣓𑣑𑣂)

𑢮𑣂𑣜𑣈 - 𑢮𑣉𑣜𑣉

𑢮𑣈𑣚𑣈𑣗 - 𑢮𑣉𑣚𑣉𑣗

𑢮𑣈𑣛𑣈 - 𑢮𑣈𑣛𑣈

𑢮𑣈𑣛𑣈 - 𑢮𑣈𑣒𑣈

𑢱𑣁𑣗𑣁 - 𑢱𑣃𑣗𑣃

𑢳𑣂𑣔𑣈 - 𑢫𑣃𑣔𑣁

𑢼𑣂𑣒𑣂𑣊 - 𑢸𑣂𑣒𑣂𑣊

𑢯𑣈𑣜𑣈 - 𑢷𑣈𑣜𑣈

𑢯𑣈𑣜𑣉 - 𑢷𑣈𑣜𑣉

𑢯𑣁𑣗𑣁𑣄 - 𑢯𑣃𑣗𑣃𑣄

𑢬𑣁𑣆𑣚 - 𑢷𑣁𑣆𑣚

𑢬𑣁𑣁𑣚𑣁 - 𑢷𑣁𑣁𑣚𑣂

𑢬𑣈𑣜𑣈 - 𑢶𑣈𑣒𑣈

𑢬𑣁𑣜𑣁𑣈 - 𑢬𑣉𑣜𑣉𑣈 (𑢹𑣉𑣒𑣉𑣄. 𑣖𑣈𑣜𑣉𑣖 𑣕𑣉𑣚 𑣕𑣁𑣆 𑣜𑣈)

𑢡𑣌𑣃𑣚 - 𑢷𑣁𑣌𑣃𑣚

𑢾𑣁𑣁𑣑 - 𑢾𑣉𑣉𑣑

𑢾𑣁𑣘𑣁 - 𑢾𑣉𑣘𑣉 (𑢷𑣂𑣊)

𑢾𑣂𑣄𑣆 - 𑢾𑣉𑣄𑣈

𑢺𑣈𑣛𑣈 - 𑢸𑣈𑣛𑣈

𑢺𑣈𑣏𑣉 - 𑢸𑣈𑣏𑣉

𑢺𑣉𑣕𑣉𑣜 - 𑢸𑣉𑣕𑣉𑣜

𑢺𑣉𑣋𑣉 - 𑢸𑣉𑣋𑣉

𑢺𑣈𑣒𑣈 - 𑢸𑣈𑣒𑣈 

𑢺𑣉𑣒𑣉 - 𑢸𑣉𑣒𑣉

𑢺𑣁𑣋𑣁𑣖 - 𑢺𑣃𑣋𑣃𑣖 (𑢬𑣁𑣁 𑣔𑣁𑣒𑣁𑣁𑣓 𑣙𑣉)

𑢺𑣁𑣔𑣁𑣜 - 𑢺𑣃𑣔𑣃𑣜

𑢺𑣂𑣔𑣈𑣜 - 𑢺𑣉𑣔𑣉𑣜

𑢺𑣂𑣔𑣈𑣗 - 𑢺𑣉𑣔𑣉𑣗

𑢺𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣁 - 𑢺𑣃𑣓𑣑𑣃

𑢺𑣈𑣋𑣈𑣄 - 𑢷𑣈𑣋𑣈𑣄

𑢺𑣉𑣒𑣉𑣜 - 𑢸𑣉𑣒𑣉𑣜

𑢺𑣁𑣜 - 𑢺𑣃𑣜

𑢺𑣁𑣑 - 𑢺𑣃𑣑

𑢺𑣁𑣇 ː 𑢵𑣁𑣇

𑢸𑣉𑣌𑣉 - 𑢸𑣉𑣌𑣉

𑢸𑣁𑣋𑣁𑣜 - 𑢸𑣉𑣋𑣉𑣜 ( 𑢹𑣁𑣞𑣁 𑣕𑣈𑣋𑣁)

𑢦𑣌𑣂𑣑 - 𑢷𑣂𑣌𑣂𑣑

𑢾𑣉𑣋𑣉𑣈 - 𑢷𑣉𑣋𑣉𑣈 ( 𑢧𑣚𑣈 𑣞𑣃𑣃𑣌𑣃𑣜𑣈)

𑢼𑣂𑣚𑣃𑣆 - 𑢯𑣂𑣚𑣃𑣆

𑢼𑣉𑣌𑣁 - 𑢵𑣉𑣌𑣁

𑢼𑣂𑣛𑣂 - 𑢸𑣂𑣛𑣂 

𑢼𑣁𑣋𑣁𑣛𑣁 - 𑢼𑣉𑣋𑣉𑣛𑣉 ( 𑢼𑣈𑣁𑣛𑣂, 𑣜𑣁𑣖𑣗𑣁 𑣜𑣂𑣑)

𑢹𑣂𑣞𑣈 ː 𑢶𑣉𑣞𑣉

𑢹𑣁𑣜𑣞𑣁 ː 𑢫𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣃𑣄

𑢾𑣉𑣛𑣉𑣈 - 𑢷𑣉𑣛𑣉𑣈

𑢶𑣈𑣐𑣈 - 𑣖𑣈𑣐𑣈

𑢾𑣁𑣀 - 𑢾𑣃𑣀 (𑢳𑣂𑣜 𑣆𑣖𑣕𑣁𑣊)

𑢾𑣈𑣗𑣁 - 𑢾𑣁𑣛𑣁

𑢴𑣁𑣈𑣀 - 𑢴𑣃𑣆𑣀

𑢯𑣈𑣒𑣈 - 𑢯𑣈𑣒𑣈 diyang

𑢧𑣕𑣂 - 𑢾𑣃𑣕𑣂

𑢡𑣀𑣑 - 𑢧𑣀𑣑

𑢯𑣂𑣜𑣂𑣊 - 𑢷𑣂𑣒𑣂𑣊

𑢫𑣈𑣜𑣈𑣈 - 𑢶𑣈𑣞𑣈𑣈

𑢼𑣃𑣀 - 𑢼𑣃𑣀

𑢯𑣈𑣐𑣈 - 𑢯𑣈𑣐𑣈 (𑢴𑣁𑣄 𑣘𑣈𑣜𑣈𑣄 𑣁𑣌𑣁𑣓𑣁)

By : Ganesh Birua

Ho Literature

  𑢹𑣉𑣉 𑢾𑣁𑣓𑣁𑣋𑣉𑣖 𑣜𑣈𑣁𑣄 𑣇𑣓𑣃𑣜𑣃𑣖:

𑢹𑣉𑣉 𑣖𑣂𑣈𑣑 𑣖𑣃𑣓𑣑𑣁 𑣙𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣖 𑣜𑣈𑣁𑣄 𑣙𑣂𑣕𑣁𑣑 𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣁 𑣉𑣌𑣉𑣓𑣁 𑣔𑣉 𑣁𑣔𑣂𑣗𑣁𑣞𑣂 𑣙𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣖 𑣖𑣈𑣓𑣕𑣈 𑣖𑣈𑣓𑣉𑣄 𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣁. 𑢹𑣉𑣉 𑣌𑣁𑣎𑣂𑣙𑣉𑣓 𑣔𑣉 𑢹𑣉𑣛𑣉 𑣏𑣂 𑢹𑣉𑣛 𑣈𑣕𑣈 𑣋𑣈 𑣙𑣃𑣎𑣃𑣄 𑣁𑣌𑣁𑣓𑣁 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑢹𑣉𑣉 𑣜𑣈𑣁𑣄 𑣖𑣁𑣓𑣈 𑣔𑣉 𑢶𑣁𑣓𑣖𑣂 𑣋𑣈 𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣁 𑣉𑣌𑣉𑣓𑣁 𑣖𑣁𑣓𑣖𑣂 𑣎𑣁𑣕𑣂 𑣌𑣉𑣁𑣄 𑣁𑣁 𑣎𑣁𑣋𑣁𑣜 𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣁. 𑢳𑣈𑣓 𑣁𑣁 𑣎𑣁𑣋𑣁𑣜, 𑣎𑣁𑣋𑣁𑣜 𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣌𑣉 𑣓𑣈𑣓 𑢹𑣁𑣜𑣕𑣁𑣙𑣁𑣞𑣁 𑣜𑣈 35 𑣚𑣁𑣌 𑣈𑣕𑣈 𑣚𑣁𑣓𑣁𑣄 𑣎𑣁𑣋𑣁𑣜 𑣕𑣁𑣓 𑣌𑣉 𑣖𑣈𑣓𑣁𑣄 𑣌𑣉𑣁. 𑣎𑣁𑣁𑣚𑣈𑣌𑣁 𑢩𑣑𑣂𑣝𑣁, 𑢷𑣈𑣁𑣜, 𑢯𑣉𑣕𑣂𑣞𑣋𑣉𑣛, 𑢮𑣁𑣜𑣌𑣁𑣓𑣑, 𑢷𑣈𑣊𑣋𑣉𑣚, 𑢡𑣞𑣁𑣖 𑣜𑣈 𑢹𑣉𑣉, 𑢬𑣉𑣚𑣙𑣉, 𑢶𑣃𑣓𑣑𑣁, 𑢺𑣁𑣛𑣌𑣁, 𑢬𑣉𑣚 𑣁𑣔𑣂𑣗𑣁𑣞𑣂 𑣌𑣉𑣁𑣄 𑣁𑣁 𑣎𑣁𑣋𑣁𑣜𑣁 𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣁 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑢹𑣗𑣁𑣜𑣁𑣊 𑢯𑣂𑣕𑣂 𑣚𑣂𑣘𑣂 𑣕𑣈 𑣉𑣚𑣉𑣄 𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣁. 𑢨𑣓𑣁 𑣚𑣉𑣄 𑣕𑣈 𑢴𑣈𑣗𑣓𑣁𑣋𑣜𑣂,  𑢺𑣁𑣒𑣂𑣓, 𑢧𑣛𑣂𑣁 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑢵𑣈𑣚𑣃𑣋𑣃 𑣚𑣂𑣘𑣂 𑣌𑣉𑣕𑣈 𑣉𑣚𑣉𑣄 𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣁, 𑢶𑣈𑣓𑣔𑣉 𑢹𑣉𑣉 𑣌𑣉 𑢹𑣗𑣁𑣜𑣁𑣊 𑢯𑣂𑣕𑣂 𑣕𑣈𑣋𑣈 𑣉𑣚 𑣌𑣉 𑣜𑣁𑣀𑣞𑣁 𑣕𑣈𑣁. 𑢳𑣈𑣓 𑣚𑣂𑣘𑣂 𑣔𑣉 𑢵 𑣋𑣃𑣜𑣃 𑣌𑣉𑣚 𑢺𑣁𑣌𑣉 𑢷𑣉𑣔𑣜𑣁 𑣕𑣂𑣌𑣂𑣓 1940 𑣜𑣈 𑣁𑣌𑣂𑣍 𑣘𑣁𑣍𑣎𑣁 𑣓𑣁𑣖 𑣚𑣈𑣑𑣁. 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣓𑣈𑣓 𑢹𑣗𑣁𑣜𑣁𑣊 𑣏𑣂𑣕𑣂 𑣓𑣂𑣕𑣂𑣜-𑣘𑣂𑣓𑣕𑣂𑣜 𑣚𑣁𑣋𑣂𑣑 "𑢨𑣒𑣈𑣄 𑢵𑣃𑣜𑣕𑣃𑣊 𑢸𑣂𑣒𑣂𑣌𑣁 𑢡𑣌𑣁𑣛𑣁" 𑣌𑣂𑣍 𑣗𑣁𑣆 𑣗𑣈𑣜𑣈𑣑 𑣚𑣈𑣑𑣁. 𑢹𑣗𑣁𑣜𑣁𑣊 𑢯𑣂𑣕𑣂 𑣜𑣈 𑣞𑣉𑣗𑣈𑣓 𑣜𑣈 𑣣𑣢 𑣏𑣂𑣕𑣂 𑣖𑣈𑣓𑣁𑣄 𑣌𑣉𑣁 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣆𑣊𑣚𑣂𑣞 𑣚𑣈𑣌𑣁 𑣋𑣈 𑢹𑣃𑣛𑣂𑣊-𑢶𑣁𑣜𑣁𑣊 𑣉𑣚 𑣖𑣈𑣓𑣁𑣄𑣁𑣁.

𑢾𑣉𑣗𑣈𑣓 𑣌𑣉𑣈𑣕𑣈 𑣚𑣁𑣓𑣁𑣄 𑣙𑣉𑣉 𑣌𑣁𑣎𑣂 𑣌𑣁𑣎𑣂𑣂 𑣕𑣁𑣓 𑣌𑣉𑣁𑣄 𑣒𑣁𑣈𑣑 𑣔𑣉 𑢬𑣉𑣚𑣙𑣁𑣓 𑣜𑣈𑣁𑣄 𑢵𑣃𑣜𑣞𑣁𑣄 𑢾𑣂𑣍𑣗𑣃𑣆  𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣁 𑣉𑣌𑣉𑣓𑣁 𑣔𑣉 𑣎𑣁𑣜𑣌𑣁𑣓𑣑 𑣜𑣈 𑣖𑣈𑣓𑣁𑣄𑣁𑣁. 𑣈𑣓𑣁 𑣚𑣉𑣄 𑣕𑣈 𑢹𑣁𑣞𑣃𑣜𑣞𑣁𑣄 𑢾𑣂𑣍𑣗𑣃𑣆 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑢬𑣉𑣜𑣞𑣉𑣁𑣀 𑣜𑣈 𑣈𑣞𑣃 𑣚𑣁𑣚𑣂 𑣖𑣈𑣓𑣁𑣄 𑣌𑣉𑣁. 𑢨𑣓 𑣚𑣈𑣌𑣁𑣕𑣈 𑣓𑣈𑣚𑣈 𑣜𑣈 𑢫𑣉𑣒𑣁 𑣎𑣁𑣜𑣌𑣁𑣓𑣑 𑣜𑣈 3.01% 𑢹𑣉𑣉 𑣎𑣁𑣋𑣁𑣜 𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣌𑣉 𑣖𑣈𑣓𑣁𑣄 𑣌𑣉. 𑢨𑣓 𑣚𑣈𑣌𑣁 𑣋𑣈 𑢩𑣑𑣂𑣝𑣁 𑣜𑣁𑣆𑣎 𑣜𑣈 12 𑣎𑣂𑣚𑣁 𑣜𑣈 𑢹𑣉𑣉 𑣎𑣁𑣋𑣁𑣜 𑣕𑣁𑣓 𑣙𑣉𑣛𑣌𑣉 𑣖𑣈𑣓𑣁𑣄 𑣌𑣉𑣁 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄  𑣞𑣉𑣗𑣈𑣓 𑣌𑣉𑣈𑣕𑣈 𑣚𑣁𑣓𑣁𑣄 𑣙𑣉𑣉 𑣎𑣁𑣋𑣁𑣜 𑣕𑣁𑣓 𑣌𑣉𑣁𑣄 𑣒𑣁𑣈𑣑 𑣔𑣉 𑢬𑣂𑣍𑣎𑣂𑣜𑣂 (𑢬𑣈𑣓𑣔𑣃𑣎𑣉𑣜) 𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣁. 𑣉𑣌𑣉𑣓𑣁 𑣔𑣉 "𑢬𑣂𑣍𑣎𑣂𑣜𑣂 𑢴𑣂𑣝𑣃𑣖" 𑣖𑣈𑣓𑣕𑣈 𑣇𑣖𑣂𑣁 𑣌𑣁𑣓𑣁. 𑢨𑣓𑣌𑣁 𑣋𑣈 𑢶𑣉𑣅𑣃𑣜𑣗𑣉𑣍, 𑢷𑣁𑣚𑣈𑣞𑣉𑣜, 𑢮𑣁𑣎𑣘𑣃𑣜, 𑢬𑣉𑣒𑣉𑣌, 𑢱𑣈𑣊𑣌𑣁𑣓𑣁𑣛, 𑢷𑣉𑣔𑣜𑣉𑣌, 𑢮𑣁𑣜𑣞𑣃𑣋𑣉𑣛𑣁, 𑢾𑣃𑣓𑣔𑣉𑣜𑣋𑣉𑣛, 𑢡𑣓𑣃𑣋𑣃𑣛, 𑢴𑣈𑣗𑣋𑣉𑣛 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑢾𑣉𑣖𑣗𑣉𑣚𑣘𑣃𑣜 𑣚𑣈𑣌𑣁𑣓 𑣎𑣂𑣚𑣁 𑣌𑣉𑣜𑣈 𑣙𑣉𑣉 𑣎𑣁𑣋𑣁𑣜 𑣕𑣁𑣓 𑣙𑣉𑣛 𑣌𑣉 𑣖𑣈𑣓𑣁𑣄𑣁𑣁 𑣌𑣉𑣁.

𑢶𑣈𑣓𑣔𑣉 𑢩𑣑𑣂𑣝𑣁 𑣜𑣁𑣆𑣎 𑣜𑣈 𑣆𑣘𑣁𑣓-𑣆𑣘𑣁𑣓 𑣓𑣃𑣕𑣃𑣖 𑣕𑣈 𑣙𑣉𑣉 𑣎𑣁𑣕𑣂 𑣌𑣉 𑣉𑣚 𑣁𑣌𑣁𑣓𑣁. 𑢮𑣁 𑣚𑣈𑣌𑣁 𑢶𑣉𑣅𑣃𑣜𑣗𑣉𑣍 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑢷𑣁𑣚𑣈𑣞𑣉𑣜 𑣌𑣉𑣜𑣈 𑢬𑣉𑣚𑣙𑣉 𑣖𑣈𑣓𑣕𑣈 𑣌𑣉 𑣉𑣚 𑣁𑣌𑣁𑣓𑣁. 𑢨𑣓 𑣚𑣈𑣌𑣁 𑣋𑣈 𑢬𑣂𑣍𑣎𑣂𑣜𑣂,𑢱𑣈𑣊𑣌𑣁𑣓𑣁𑣛 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑢾𑣃𑣓𑣔𑣉𑣜𑣋𑣉𑣛 𑣜𑣈 𑣖𑣃𑣓𑣑𑣁 𑣖𑣈𑣓𑣕𑣈 𑣌𑣉 𑣉𑣚 𑣁𑣌𑣁𑣓𑣁 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑢡𑣓𑣃𑣋𑣃𑣛, 𑢮𑣁𑣎𑣘𑣃𑣜 𑣚𑣈𑣌𑣁𑣓 𑣎𑣂𑣚𑣁 𑣜𑣈 𑢹𑣉𑣉 𑣖𑣈𑣓𑣕𑣈 𑣌𑣉 𑣉𑣚 𑣁𑣌𑣁𑣓𑣁. 𑢶𑣈𑣓𑣔𑣉 𑢬𑣁𑣎𑣂-𑢮𑣁𑣋𑣁𑣜, 𑢷𑣉𑣊𑣋𑣁-𑢷𑣃𑣜𑣃, 𑢶𑣁𑣁𑣓-𑣖𑣁𑣓𑣁𑣕𑣂𑣊, 𑢮𑣁𑣕𑣂, 𑢬𑣂𑣚𑣂 𑣞𑣉𑣗𑣈𑣓 𑣖𑣂𑣑 𑣋𑣈 𑣖𑣈𑣓𑣁𑣄𑣁𑣁 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣁𑣌𑣉 𑣚𑣉𑣄 𑣕𑣈𑣋𑣈 𑢷𑣁𑣚𑣁-𑢾𑣁𑣌𑣁 𑣌𑣉 𑣙𑣉𑣗𑣁𑣓 𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣁.

𑢷𑣈𑣊𑣋𑣉𑣚 𑣜𑣈 𑢷𑣁𑣊𑣌𑣃𑣜𑣁 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑢶𑣂𑣔𑣂𑣓𑣂𑣘𑣃𑣜 𑣚𑣈𑣌𑣁𑣓 𑣘𑣂𑣛𑣜𑣈 𑢹𑣉 𑣌𑣉 𑣖𑣈𑣓𑣁𑣄 𑣌𑣉𑣁.

𑢵 𑣋𑣃𑣜𑣃 𑢬𑣉𑣚 𑢺𑣁𑣌𑣉 𑢷𑣉𑣔𑣜𑣁 𑣕𑣂𑣌𑣂𑣓𑣁𑣄 𑣒𑣃𑣒𑣌𑣁 𑣇𑣓𑣃𑣜𑣃𑣖 :-

𑢳𑣈𑣌𑣂𑣓𑣁𑣄 𑣎𑣉𑣓𑣉𑣖 𑣔𑣂𑣌𑣁 𑣌𑣁𑣜𑣈𑣓𑣑𑣁𑣜 𑣚𑣈𑣌𑣁𑣕𑣈 𑣡𑣩 𑢾𑣈𑣘𑣒𑣈𑣖𑣗𑣉𑣜 𑣡𑣩𑣡𑣩 𑣜𑣈 𑢹𑣁𑣞𑣃𑣜𑣞𑣁𑣄 𑢾𑣂𑣍𑣗𑣃𑣆 𑣜𑣈𑣁𑣄 𑢸𑣁𑣁𑣞𑣈𑣁 𑣙𑣁𑣕𑣃 𑣜𑣈𑣓 𑢹𑣉𑣉 𑣙𑣁𑣋𑣂𑣁 𑣜𑣈 𑣎𑣉𑣓𑣉𑣖 𑣚𑣈𑣓𑣁. 𑢡𑣌𑣂𑣍 𑣔𑣉 "𑢵 𑣋𑣃𑣜𑣃 𑢬𑣉𑣚" 𑣓𑣃𑣕𑣃𑣖 𑣕𑣈𑣉 𑣌𑣂𑣍 𑣇𑣖𑣂𑣁 𑣌𑣁𑣓𑣁. 𑢡𑣌𑣂𑣓𑣁𑣄 𑣗𑣁𑣜𑣂𑣁 𑣓𑣃𑣕𑣃𑣖𑣁𑣓 𑣘𑣃𑣕𑣂 "𑢽𑣁𑣁𑣜 𑢹𑣉𑣜𑣁" 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 "𑢷𑣁𑣁 𑣗𑣃𑣜𑣃 𑣗𑣉𑣊𑣋𑣁 𑣗𑣃𑣜𑣃" 𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣁.

𑢹𑣉𑣉 𑢾𑣁𑣓𑣁𑣋𑣉𑣖 𑣜𑣈𑣁𑣄 𑣕𑣈𑣓𑣈𑣜𑣞𑣁𑣉:-

𑣡. 𑢷𑣂𑣚𑣂𑣁𑣖 𑢾𑣉𑣓𑣞 𑣞𑣂𑣔𑣈 𑣖𑣃𑣓𑣃𑣆 𑣕𑣈𑣁𑣄 𑢹𑣉𑣉 𑣙𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣖 𑣜𑣈𑣁𑣄 𑢬𑣁𑣁𑣓𑣂, 𑢬𑣉𑣗𑣂𑣕𑣁 𑣜𑣈𑣁𑣄 𑣉𑣓𑣉𑣚 "The Gramatical Construction of Ho Language" 𑣓𑣃𑣕𑣃𑣖 𑣕𑣈 𑣁𑣌𑣂𑣍 𑣉𑣚 𑣘𑣉𑣁𑣀𑣚 𑣚𑣈𑣑𑣁.

𑣢. 𑢹𑣉𑣉 𑢴𑣃𑣜𑣁𑣊 - 𑢳𑣈𑣓𑣁 W.C. 𑢡𑣜𑣏𑣁𑣜 𑣖𑣃𑣓𑣃 𑣜𑣈𑣁𑣄 𑣞𑣃𑣞𑣃𑣓 𑣔𑣃𑣜𑣁𑣊 𑣏𑣂 𑣚𑣉𑣌𑣋𑣂𑣕 𑣏𑣂𑣕𑣁𑣓 𑣜𑣈 𑣁𑣌𑣂𑣍 𑣉𑣚 𑣚𑣈𑣑𑣁. 𑢳𑣈𑣓𑣁 𑣘𑣃𑣕𑣂 𑢹𑣉𑣉 𑣞𑣁𑣓𑣁𑣋𑣉𑣖 𑣏𑣈𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣜𑣈 𑣈𑣞𑣃 𑣖𑣁𑣜𑣁𑣊 𑣘𑣃𑣕𑣂 𑣚𑣈𑣌𑣁𑣕𑣈 𑣖𑣁𑣓𑣁𑣕𑣂𑣊 𑣖𑣈𑣓𑣁𑣄𑣁𑣁 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣓𑣈𑣓 𑣘𑣃𑣕𑣂 𑣔𑣉 𑢴𑣈𑣗𑣓𑣁𑣋𑣜𑣂 𑣕𑣈 𑣉𑣚 𑣁𑣌𑣁𑣓𑣁.

𑣣. Folklore of Kolhan - 𑢾𑣂.𑢨𑣏. 𑢷𑣉𑣖𑣗𑣁𑣞 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑢨𑣓,𑢬𑣈. 𑢷𑣉𑣞 𑣕𑣂𑣌𑣂𑣍 𑣉𑣚 𑣕𑣁𑣑𑣁.

𑣤. Ho Grammar- 𑢺𑣂𑣉𑣓𑣁𑣚 𑢷𑣁𑣜𑣉 𑣕𑣂𑣌𑣂𑣍 𑣉𑣚 𑣕𑣁𑣑𑣁.

𑣥. Grammar of the Kol - 𑢳𑣈𑣓𑣁 𑢼𑣁𑣍𑣏𑣂 GEL 𑣖𑣂𑣞𑣁𑣓 𑣘𑣁𑣈𑣕𑣈 𑣘𑣉𑣁𑣀𑣚 𑣁𑣌𑣁𑣓𑣁.

𑣦. An Introduction Of Ho Language- 𑢳𑣈𑣓𑣁 𑢮𑣉𑣉𑣓 𑢱𑣈𑣓𑣂 𑣕𑣂𑣌𑣂𑣍 𑣉𑣚 𑣕𑣁𑣑𑣁.

(Ho-English Dictionary 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄  Ho Grammar and Vocabulary 𑢮𑣉𑣉𑣓 𑢱𑣈𑣓𑣂 𑣕𑣂𑣌𑣂𑣍 𑣋𑣈 𑣉𑣚 𑣕𑣁𑣑𑣁)

𑣧. 𑢹𑣉𑣉 𑢬𑣁𑣎𑣂 - 𑢷𑣙𑣂𑣖𑣜𑣁𑣎 𑢾𑣉𑣚𑣁𑣊𑣌𑣂 𑣕𑣂𑣌𑣂𑣍 𑣉𑣚 𑣕𑣁𑣑𑣁.

𑣨. Ho Tribes Of Singhbhum - 𑢾𑣂.𑢸𑣂.𑢾𑣂𑣊

𑣩. 𑢦𑣒𑣁 𑢷𑣁𑣒𑣁 𑢳𑣁𑣚𑣁 𑢷𑣁𑣞𑣁 - 𑢬𑣉𑣖𑣉𑣚 𑢺𑣉𑣏𑣉𑣓 𑢬𑣉𑣛𑣁𑣄

Ho adivasi Name

𑢬𑣉𑣁 𑣙𑣉𑣓 𑣌𑣉𑣁𑣄 𑣓𑣃𑣕𑣃𑣖 𑣌𑣉:

 𑢬𑣉𑣓𑣔𑣁

𑢺𑣃𑣕𑣃

𑢸𑣈𑣒𑣈

𑢷𑣃𑣔𑣃𑣜𑣁𑣖

𑢫𑣁𑣞𑣂𑣜𑣁𑣖

𑢾𑣁𑣜𑣋𑣂

𑢯𑣉𑣓𑣑𑣜𑣉

𑢶𑣉𑣌𑣉𑣜𑣉

𑢱𑣃𑣌𑣈

𑢱𑣁𑣑𑣃 

𑢯𑣁𑣖𑣏𑣁𑣖

𑢾𑣂𑣌𑣃𑣜

𑢱𑣂𑣗𑣃𑣜𑣃

𑢱𑣉𑣓𑣑𑣁

𑢸𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣃

𑢱𑣃𑣑𑣃𑣜𑣃

𑢱𑣈𑣖𑣌𑣁

𑢱𑣈𑣚𑣈

𑢱𑣉𑣚𑣈

𑢮𑣉𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣌𑣁

𑢷𑣁𑣚𑣈𑣄

𑢱𑣈𑣗𑣉

𑢴𑣃𑣖𑣗𑣂

𑢴𑣃𑣚𑣃

𑢴𑣉𑣓𑣁

𑢼𑣃𑣆𑣕𑣃

𑢷𑣉𑣌𑣈

𑢫𑣁𑣚𑣃

𑢮𑣃𑣋𑣃

𑢺𑣉𑣔𑣉𑣜𑣉

𑢫𑣉𑣖𑣈𑣁

𑢷𑣉𑣌𑣉𑣚 𑣞𑣂𑣊

𑢺𑣁𑣔𑣃𑣋𑣃

𑢮𑣃𑣖𑣗𑣁𑣚 𑣎𑣃𑣖𑣗𑣃𑣚𑣈

𑢷𑣉𑣒𑣉𑣜

𑢮𑣁𑣊𑣋𑣃𑣛𑣃

𑢵𑣃𑣘𑣈

𑢶𑣉𑣋𑣉

𑢱𑣃𑣗𑣃𑣚𑣁

𑢷𑣁𑣋𑣃𑣓

𑢱𑣂𑣌𑣃𑣚

𑢾𑣁𑣋𑣈𑣓

𑢶𑣁𑣜𑣞𑣁𑣚

𑢾𑣁𑣋𑣃𑣓 

𑢼𑣁𑣇𑣕𑣃

𑢼𑣂𑣖𑣂𑣚

𑢼𑣂𑣌𑣃𑣛𑣃

𑢼𑣁𑣞𑣂𑣌𑣈

𑢵𑣃𑣘𑣃

𑢷𑣃𑣔𑣃

𑢹𑣁𑣛𑣁𑣋𑣁𑣜

𑢩𑣖𑣉𑣜𑣞𑣂𑣊

𑢺𑣁𑣊𑣋𑣉

𑢸𑣃𑣆𑣕𑣃

𑢷𑣃𑣛𑣈𑣓

𑢱𑣉𑣗𑣉𑣜𑣉

𑢵𑣃𑣖𑣗𑣈

𑢮𑣉𑣋𑣉𑣜

𑢺𑣈𑣗𑣈𑣁

𑢵𑣃𑣖𑣗𑣁

𑢺𑣉𑣔𑣉

𑢾𑣃𑣌𑣃𑣜𑣁

𑢾𑣃𑣌𑣃𑣚𑣁𑣚

Old Ho name
Female	Male
Dugi	Duge	Tantu
Dungi	Jaypal	Boto
Luki	Sayob	Sidem
Leboga	Diburu	Sangi
Tuni	Markondo	Japud
Duli	Bandusa	Nonda
Gangi	Gunje Bage	Sukura
Jema	Manduru	Jengodo
Tiki	Singray	Lutu
Tikili	Mokora	Berga
Tui	Goma	Ransi
Tuitui	Munduru	pandu
Turki	Jaypal	Naray
Madeh	Chumburu	Jaray
Suru	Janduka	Gono
Pitini/Pitili	Kusunu	Gusam
Nuni	Lita	Bagun
Kodena	Dubulia	Bagun
Mandui	Dubul	Rupay
Janaki	Dubula	Budu
Sapai	Turu (tudu)	Tune
Luduri	Ladura	Jata
Ludugi	Ladu	Bikrem
Sapani	Sergeen	Sukura
Mani	Dune	Jengodo
Gurubari	Mangata	Lutu
Birang	Dole/doleya	Berga
Petee....	Pete	Tantu
Dapani	Sikur	Boto
Lete	Sukul	Sidem
Leto	Nauru	Sangi
Raimuni	Damu	Japud
Roibari	Kersa	Nonda
Turki	Turke	Togo
Mecho	Pagala	Tunui
Randaye	Rando	Jingudu
Pano	Kolay	Tiirub
Palo	Sengel Singh	Dolo
Kunduli	Janum singh	Repo
Jingi	Rasike	Rekonda
Achi	Chambara	Mahati
Chandu	Mukuru	Horo
Dumsu	Dundeke	Chogo
Lalu	Duike	Jandia
Nanika	Sunga	Dudui
Chokoe	Dutu	Gusam
Sunei	Mutu	Bagun
Rina	Duke	Bagun
Saparum	Gidu	Rupay
Turi	Kunwar	Budu
Dasiker	Jurgu	Tune
Tunui	Selay	Jata
Dege/degele	Guinu	Bikrem
Rela	Bosen	Gardi
Rindang	Deben	Dapang
Tunuki	Ranta	Naray
Sukurmuni	Nandu	Jaray
Petul	Kandara	Gono
Buduni	Chokoe	Daskan
	Sidiu

International Mother Language Day!

 

𑢨𑣊𑣋𑣁 𑢹𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣖 𑢴𑣂𑣚𑣁𑣊 :-

𑢨𑣊𑣋𑣁 𑣙𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣖 𑣔𑣉 𑣖𑣂𑣈𑣑 𑣙𑣃𑣔𑣁 𑣜𑣈𑣁𑣄 𑣈𑣞𑣃 𑣖𑣁𑣜𑣁𑣊 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣈𑣞𑣃 𑣋𑣉𑣓𑣉𑣊𑣁𑣓 𑣎𑣂𑣓𑣂𑣞 𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣁 𑣏𑣂𑣓𑣁𑣄 𑣖𑣈𑣓𑣕𑣈 𑢹𑣁𑣅𑣁 𑣏𑣂 𑣌𑣁𑣎𑣂 𑣎𑣂𑣂𑣑 𑣕𑣁𑣆𑣓 𑣈𑣓𑣁𑣊 𑣋𑣈 𑣁𑣘𑣁𑣓𑣁𑣜𑣁𑣄 𑣖𑣁𑣓 𑣖𑣁𑣓𑣁𑣕𑣂𑣊, 𑣞𑣁𑣞𑣁𑣊𑣌𑣂𑣜 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣘𑣉𑣜𑣉𑣗 𑣘𑣉𑣓𑣁𑣆 𑣌𑣉 𑣎𑣂𑣂𑣑 𑣕𑣁𑣆𑣓𑣁. 𑢹𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣖 𑣈𑣓𑣌𑣁𑣓 𑣔𑣈𑣊𑣋𑣁 𑣈𑣖𑣁 𑣗𑣃𑣁 𑣉𑣌𑣉𑣓𑣁 𑣔𑣉 𑣙𑣁𑣕𑣃𑣆 𑣕𑣈 𑣈𑣅𑣉𑣗 𑣌𑣁𑣕𑣈  𑣔𑣂𑣝𑣃𑣖 𑣎𑣁𑣌𑣈𑣑 𑣜𑣈𑣁𑣄 𑣕𑣈𑣓𑣈𑣜𑣞𑣉 𑣜𑣈 𑣔𑣈𑣊𑣋𑣁 𑣈𑣖𑣈𑣁.

 

𑢨𑣊𑣋𑣁 𑣙𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣖 𑣜𑣈𑣁𑣄 𑣙𑣂𑣕𑣈𑣙𑣁𑣞𑣁 :-

𑢴𑣂𑣝𑣃𑣖 𑣜𑣈 𑣙𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣖 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣞𑣁𑣞𑣁𑣊𑣌𑣂𑣜 𑣜𑣈𑣁𑣄 𑣋𑣉𑣓𑣉𑣊 𑣞𑣉𑣖𑣎𑣁𑣉𑣓 𑣚𑣁𑣋𑣂𑣑 𑣋𑣈 𑣓𑣈𑣓 𑣉𑣕 𑣔𑣂𑣝𑣃𑣖 𑣈𑣊𑣋𑣁 𑣙𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣖 𑣔𑣂𑣚𑣁𑣊 𑣔𑣉 𑣖𑣁𑣓𑣁𑣕𑣂𑣊 𑣙𑣉𑣗𑣁𑣓 𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣁. 𑢦𑣇𑣓𑣈𑣞𑣌𑣉(UNESCO) 𑣢𑣡 𑣘𑣈𑣗𑣜𑣃𑣁𑣜𑣂 𑣡𑣩𑣩𑣩, 𑣜𑣈 𑢴𑣂𑣝𑣃𑣖 𑣈𑣊𑣋𑣁 𑣙𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣖 𑣔𑣂𑣚𑣁𑣊 𑣖𑣁𑣓𑣁𑣕𑣂𑣊 𑣚𑣁𑣋𑣂𑣑 𑣕𑣈 𑣑𑣁𑣌𑣁𑣜𑣁 𑣚𑣈𑣑𑣁. 𑢯𑣁𑣓𑣁𑣗 𑣕𑣈 𑣞𑣂𑣜𑣖𑣁 𑣢𑣠𑣠𑣠 𑣈𑣕𑣈 𑣋𑣉𑣒𑣁 𑣔𑣂𑣝𑣃𑣖 𑣜𑣈 𑣓𑣈𑣓 𑣔𑣂𑣓 𑣖𑣁𑣓𑣁𑣕𑣂𑣊 𑣌𑣉 𑣞𑣁𑣓𑣁𑣊 𑣚𑣈𑣓𑣁.

𑣢𑣠𑣡𑣡 𑣜𑣈𑣁𑣄 𑣙𑣉𑣛 𑣚𑣈𑣓𑣈𑣌𑣁 𑣜𑣂𑣘𑣉𑣜𑣒 𑣚𑣈𑣌𑣁𑣕𑣈 𑣁𑣗𑣃𑣁 𑣙𑣁𑣜𑣕𑣁𑣙𑣁𑣞𑣁 𑣜𑣈 𑣞𑣉𑣗𑣈𑣓 𑣖𑣂𑣞𑣁 𑣌𑣁𑣕𑣈 𑣡𑣩,𑣥𑣦𑣩 𑣌𑣂𑣞𑣃𑣖 𑣈𑣊𑣋𑣁 𑣙𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣖 𑣖𑣈𑣓𑣁𑣄𑣁𑣁. 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣓𑣂𑣖𑣂𑣓 𑣘𑣃𑣜𑣈𑣄 𑣙𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣖 𑣌𑣁𑣎𑣂 𑣎𑣁𑣋𑣁𑣜 𑣕𑣁𑣓 𑣙𑣉𑣛 𑣌𑣉 𑣕𑣁𑣚𑣁 𑣈𑣕𑣈 𑣁𑣗𑣃𑣁 𑢹𑣉𑣉 𑣖𑣈𑣓𑣁𑣄𑣁𑣁 𑣉𑣌𑣉𑣓𑣁 𑣔𑣉𑣉 𑢩𑣑𑣂𑣝𑣁, 𑢷𑣂𑣙𑣁𑣜, 𑢷𑣈𑣊𑣋𑣉𑣚, 𑢡𑣞𑣁𑣖, 𑢯𑣉𑣕𑣂𑣞𑣋𑣉𑣛 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑢮𑣙𑣁𑣜𑣌𑣙𑣁𑣀𑣑 𑣜𑣈𑣓 𑣙𑣉 𑣌𑣉 𑣎𑣁𑣋𑣁𑣜 𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣁. 𑢨𑣓𑣁 𑣚𑣉𑣄𑣕𑣈 𑣁𑣌𑣉 𑢹𑣗𑣁𑣜𑣁𑣊 𑣏𑣂𑣕𑣂 𑣚𑣂𑣘𑣂 𑣕𑣈𑣌𑣉 𑣉𑣚 𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣁 𑣉𑣌𑣉𑣓𑣁 𑣔𑣉 𑣡𑣩𑣥𑣠 𑣜𑣈 𑢵 𑣋𑣃𑣜𑣃 𑣌𑣉𑣚 𑢺𑣁𑣌𑣉 𑢷𑣉𑣔𑣜𑣁 𑣕𑣂𑣌𑣂𑣍 𑣘𑣁𑣍𑣎𑣁 𑣓𑣁𑣖 𑣚𑣈𑣑𑣁.

𑢡𑣗𑣃𑣁 𑣔𑣂𑣝𑣃𑣖 𑣜𑣈𑣁𑣄 𑣎𑣁𑣁𑣓 𑣎𑣈𑣕𑣁𑣓 𑣌𑣁𑣎𑣂 𑣗𑣃 𑣈𑣕𑣉 𑣔𑣁𑣆𑣁 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣙𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣖 𑣋𑣈 𑣁𑣗𑣃 𑣖𑣂𑣈𑣑 𑣙𑣉 𑣚𑣉𑣄𑣕𑣈 𑣞𑣁𑣋𑣁𑣆 𑣜𑣂𑣌𑣈 𑣚𑣁𑣋𑣂𑣑 𑣔𑣈𑣊𑣋𑣁 𑣈𑣖𑣁 𑣗𑣃𑣁. 𑣁𑣗𑣃𑣁 𑣖𑣉𑣓𑣜𑣈 𑣎𑣁𑣁𑣓𑣁𑣄 𑣗𑣃 𑣇𑣛𑣃𑣆 𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣁 𑣈𑣓𑣁 𑣈𑣒𑣁𑣄 𑣙𑣉 𑣚𑣉𑣄𑣕𑣈 𑣙𑣁𑣒𑣂𑣊 𑣔𑣁𑣆𑣉𑣄𑣁𑣁 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣁𑣗𑣈𑣓𑣁 𑣇𑣛𑣃𑣄 𑣜𑣈𑣁𑣄 𑣌𑣁𑣎𑣂 𑣁𑣌𑣂𑣍 𑣕𑣁𑣄𑣕𑣈 𑣗𑣈𑣒𑣁𑣈 𑣚𑣁𑣋𑣂𑣑 𑣓𑣈𑣓𑣁 𑣋𑣈 𑣖𑣂𑣈𑣑 𑣙𑣉𑣜𑣁 𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣁. 

𑢹𑣉𑣉 𑣌𑣉 𑣁𑣘𑣁𑣓𑣁𑣜𑣁𑣄 𑣙𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣖 𑣗𑣁𑣋𑣈 𑣕𑣁𑣈𑣕𑣈 𑣈𑣒𑣁𑣄 𑣙𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣖 𑣕𑣈 𑣚𑣁𑣓𑣔𑣁 𑣎𑣁𑣋𑣁𑣜 𑣈𑣞𑣃 𑣗𑣃 𑣜𑣁𑣀𑣞𑣁 𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣁, 𑣓𑣈𑣚𑣈𑣌𑣁 𑣈𑣞𑣃 𑣒𑣁𑣈𑣑 𑣜𑣈 𑣓𑣈𑣚 𑣓𑣁𑣖𑣉𑣄 𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣁 𑣏𑣂 𑣁𑣌𑣉𑣁𑣄 𑣙𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣖 𑣕𑣈 𑣎𑣁𑣋𑣁𑣜 𑣌𑣁𑣌𑣉 𑣞𑣁𑣓𑣁𑣊 𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣁. 𑢳𑣈𑣚𑣈𑣌𑣁 𑣘𑣁𑣆𑣒𑣂 𑣌𑣉𑣕𑣈 𑣁𑣗𑣃𑣁 𑣙𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣖 𑣞𑣃𑣖𑣁𑣊 𑣁𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣁 𑣈𑣓𑣁𑣔𑣉 𑣌𑣁𑣁𑣋𑣈 𑣙𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣖 𑣚𑣉𑣄𑣕𑣈 𑣞𑣁𑣋𑣁𑣆 𑣖𑣈𑣓𑣁𑣄 𑣕𑣁𑣓 𑣞𑣉𑣗𑣈𑣓 𑣖𑣁𑣓 𑣖𑣁𑣓𑣁𑣕𑣂𑣊, 𑣞𑣁𑣞𑣁𑣊𑣌𑣂𑣜 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣘𑣉𑣜𑣉𑣗 𑣘𑣉𑣓𑣁𑣆 𑣌𑣉 𑣁𑣑 𑣏𑣁𑣗𑣁𑣓𑣁. 𑣉𑣌𑣉𑣓𑣁 𑣔𑣉 𑣁𑣗𑣃𑣁 𑣞𑣉𑣖𑣁𑣎 (𑣙𑣃𑣔𑣁) 𑣚𑣁𑣋𑣂𑣑 𑣕𑣈 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣔𑣂𑣝𑣃𑣖 𑣚𑣁𑣋𑣂𑣑 𑣕𑣈 𑣈𑣞𑣃 𑣖𑣁𑣜𑣁𑣊 𑣔𑣃𑣌𑣃 𑣜𑣈𑣁𑣄 𑣌𑣁𑣎𑣂 𑣙𑣉𑣗𑣁𑣓𑣁.

𑢨𑣓𑣁 𑣖𑣈𑣓𑣕𑣈 𑣞𑣉𑣗𑣈𑣓 𑣚𑣈𑣌𑣁𑣓 𑣌𑣃𑣜𑣃𑣑𑣃𑣜𑣃 𑣌𑣉𑣜𑣈 𑣁𑣗𑣃𑣁 𑣈𑣊𑣋𑣁 𑣙𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣖 𑣜𑣈𑣁𑣄 𑣋𑣉𑣓𑣉𑣊 𑣓𑣃 𑣏𑣂𑣜𑣋𑣁𑣚 𑣓𑣁𑣖𑣈𑣏𑣁 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣓𑣈𑣓𑣁 𑣏𑣂𑣚𑣂𑣌𑣈 𑣕𑣈 𑣁𑣗𑣃 𑣞𑣉𑣗𑣈𑣓 𑣔𑣂𑣓 𑣚𑣁𑣋𑣂𑣑 𑣎𑣂𑣂𑣑 𑣎𑣉𑣋𑣁𑣉𑣅𑣁 𑣓𑣈𑣓 𑣖𑣁𑣓 𑣎𑣁𑣋𑣁𑣜 𑣌𑣉 𑣙𑣉𑣗𑣁𑣓 𑣕𑣈𑣁𑣄 𑣈𑣞𑣃 𑣔𑣉𑣜𑣌𑣁𑣜 𑣖𑣈𑣓𑣁𑣄𑣁𑣁. 𑣁𑣗𑣃𑣁 𑣌𑣁𑣎𑣂 𑣌𑣁 𑣙𑣂𑣚𑣈𑣞𑣁𑣚𑣁 𑣌𑣁𑣕𑣈 𑣏𑣂𑣚𑣂𑣌𑣈 𑣔𑣂𑣝𑣃𑣖 𑣋𑣉𑣒𑣁𑣜𑣈 𑣙𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣖 𑣜𑣈𑣁𑣄 𑣇𑣓𑣃𑣜𑣃𑣖 𑣗𑣃 𑣓𑣁𑣖𑣈𑣁 𑣈𑣓𑣁 𑣏𑣈𑣕𑣁𑣓 𑣜𑣈 𑣇𑣛𑣃𑣆 𑣕𑣈𑣁𑣄 𑣁𑣗𑣃𑣁 𑣘𑣁𑣆𑣒𑣂.

𑢴𑣂𑣝𑣃𑣖 𑣈𑣊𑣋𑣁 𑣙𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣖 𑣔𑣂𑣚𑣁𑣊 𑣚𑣈𑣌𑣁𑣓 𑣔𑣂𑣓 𑣜𑣈  𑣞𑣉𑣗𑣈𑣓 𑣌𑣉 𑣜𑣁𑣀𑣞𑣁 𑣜𑣁𑣞𑣂𑣌𑣈 𑣎𑣉𑣙𑣁𑣜 𑣈𑣓𑣁 𑣚𑣉𑣄𑣕𑣈 𑣁𑣗𑣃 𑣞𑣉𑣗𑣈𑣓 𑣌𑣉𑣁𑣄 𑣘𑣁𑣆𑣒𑣂  𑣙𑣉𑣗𑣁𑣉 𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣁 𑣁𑣗𑣃𑣁 𑣙𑣁𑣅𑣁𑣖 𑣕𑣈𑣜𑣞𑣁𑣉 𑣜𑣈 𑣏𑣂𑣚𑣂𑣌𑣈 𑣘𑣁𑣆𑣒𑣂 𑣌𑣉 𑣞𑣈𑣞𑣈𑣓 𑣕𑣁𑣓𑣁 𑣈𑣓𑣁 𑣌𑣉𑣗𑣃 𑣓𑣈𑣚 𑣓𑣈𑣖𑣈𑣁 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣈𑣓𑣁 𑣚𑣁𑣋𑣂𑣑 𑣕𑣈𑣗𑣃 𑣌𑣃𑣜𑣃𑣖𑣃𑣒𑣃𑣓𑣁.

Kaling Nagar Saheed Divas (1 January 2006)

 

This part of the blood-soaked tale of the struggle for rights has been written with the blood of these 14 tribals in Kalinga Nagar. These tribal martyrs left behind their entire family, farm-barn, war, river, mountain and many of their golden dreams.

1) Saheed Rangalal Manduiya- 40yrs

2) Saheed Jonga Jarika - 27yrs

3) Saheed Sudam Barla - 22yrs

4) Saheed Ram Gagarai - 35yrs

5) Saheed Aati Jamuda - 32yrs

6) Saheed Bona Borda - 35yrs

7) Saheed Diyugi Tiriya - 30yrs

8) Saheed Landu Jarika - 29yrs

9) Saheed Ram Chandra Jamuda - 36yrs

10) Saheed Mukta Bankira - 40yrs

11) Saheed Govinda Laguri - 12 yrs

12) Saheed Bhagban Soy - 25yrs

13) Saheed Shyam Gagarai

14) Kissan 

With his martyrdom, he has given the lesson of protecting the motherland to the tribal society of the whole world. The industrial house and the shameless government have also been taught that the tribal society can never accept their arbitrariness and shamelessness. No one can take away from them the place of their martyrdom and that land of Duburi stained with their holy blood.

❏ In 1992, Odisha Govt. Acquisition of tribal land begins in Kalinga Nagar.

❏ The first eviction for the Mesco Steel scheme took place in 1994.

❏ The first anti-displacement public meeting was held on 6 January 1995 in Kalinga Nagar to protest against the NINL steel plant.

❏ Evicted in 2004 for Rohit and Dinabandhu steel projects.

❏ People formed an anti-displacement forum in 2004 called Bishthapan Birodhi Jan Manch (BBJM).

❏ In October 2004, the BBJM wrote to the Chief Minister of Odisha protesting against displacement.

❏ On 17th November 2004, Odisha Govt. Signed MoU with Tata for steel plant in Kalinga Nagar.

❏ On 7 May 2005, people were thrashed by the police at a public hearing at the Maharashtra Seamless Steel Plant.

❏ The public was informed that a public hearing on the Tata Steel plant would be held on 27 July 2005 at Jajpur Road, a nearby town.

❏ On 23 July 2005, Tata came with the SP and the Collector to perform the bhui-puja, and was followed by thousands of protesters.

❏ On October 7, 2005, Tata again came to perform Bhumi Puja accompanied by the police and administration but was chased away by the protesters.

❏ On 25 October 2005, BBJM activist Ravindra Jarika was picked up by the police from a conference in Bhubaneswar.

❏ On 27 October 2005, the people of Kalinga Nagar gheraoed the police station in protest against the arrest of Jarika.

❏ On 17 November 2005, BBJM activists stopped the construction of the Maharashtra Seamless Steel Plant.

❏ On 2 January 2006, 14 people were killed when police opened fire on people protesting against the construction of Tata.

❏ On January 4, 2006, thousands of people from across the state and the country gathered to perform the last rites of the victims.

❏ On 9 March 2007, the BBJM removed the road blockade on the National Highway since 2006 after the Chief Minister promised to fulfill the demand.

❏ On 13 March 2008, BBJM activist Jogendra Jamuda narrowly escaped an attack by gunmen in front of the Kalinga Nagar station.

❏ On 1 May 2008, armed assailants identifying themselves as Tata employees attacked BBJM activist Dabur Kalundia, who narrowly escaped, but another villager, Amin Banara, was shot dead.

❏ From 2008-2010, many activists have been arrested and villages have been cordoned off from the rest of the world.

❏ On 16 December 2009, the Chief Minister visited Kalinga Nagar for the first time after the 2006 shootout, to inaugurate Kalinga Nagar's second police station, sponsored by steel companies.

❏ On 2 January 2010 thousands gathered to observe Martyrs' Day and later that month BBJM activists blocked the Common Corridor Road Project.

❏ On 30 March 2010, 25 platoons of police and several pro-Tata men in police uniforms attacked Baligotha village, opened fire on people and destroyed villagers' property, injuring over 25 people.

❏ A day after being displaced, Rasanand Patra of Bandragadia died mysteriously on 22 April 2010, and his body was found lying in the middle of a field.

❏ On 29 April 2010 IDCO carried out illegal demolition in Baligotha using police force.

❏ On 10 May 2010, police lathicharged people protesting against the demolition of houses in Chandia village.

❏ On 12 May 2010, Laxman Jamuda was shot dead by the police in Chandia village and his body was secretly cremated by the police.

❏ On 28 May 2010, some displaced tribals conducted a bhumi-puja for Tata in the presence of the SP and Collector and in the absence of Tata employees.

❏ On 30 May 2010, Gobarghati sarpanch Swarnalata Banara was attacked by a mob and arrested for opposing the Tata project.

❏ On 21 June 2010, the Odisha High Court dismissed a PIL against the Common Corridor Road Project.

1992-2023, It has been 31 years, till now the tribals who were martyred in Kalinga Nagar have not got justice.

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